Introduction to Space : The Science of Spaceflight

by Damon, Thomas; Gibson, Edward G.

• ISBN13: 9780894640650
• ISBN10: 0894640658
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-01
• Publisher: Krieger Pub Co

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	xi
Preface to the Second Edition	xiii
Preface to the First Edition	xv
Foreword	xvii
History of Spaceflight	1	(16)
Rocketry: The Means of Getting There	1	(1)
Sputnik: Dawn of the Space Age	2	(1)
Man in Space: A Russian	3	(1)
Mercury: Man in a Can	3	(2)
Gemini: Twins in Orbit	5	(1)
Apollo: To the Moon	5	(5)
Soyuz-Salyut: Soviet Space Stations	10	(3)
Skylab: U.S. Space Station	13	(1)
Apollo-Soyuz	13	(1)
Unmanned Spacecraft	13	(1)
Space Shuttle	14	(1)
Discussion Questions	14	(1)
Additional Reading	14	(3)
Propulsion	17	(22)
Basic Principles of Rocketry	17	(4)
Mass and Weight	17	(1)
Change of Weight with Altitude	18	(1)
Acceleration	18	(1)
Forces	19	(1)
Isaac Newton	19	(1)
Freefall	19	(1)
Liftoff!	20	(2)
Newton's Second Law of Motion Applied	22
Reaction Engines	21	(10)
Chemical Rockets	23	(2)
Solid Propellant Rockets	25	(2)
Solid Propellant Boosters	27	(1)
Liquid Propellant Rockets	28	(3)
Hybrid Engines	31	(1)
Unconventional Reaction Engines	31	(3)
Ion Engine	31	(1)
Nuclear Thermal Rocket	32	(1)
Radioisotope Heat Cycle Engine	33	(1)
Thermal Electric Propulsion	33	(1)
Solar Thermal Engine	34	(1)
Laser Propulsion	34	(1)
Far-out Propulsion Concepts	34	(4)
Plasma Pulse Engine	35	(1)
Gun Launchers, or Shades of Jules Verne!	35	(1)
Jules Verne's Gun	36
Solar Sails	35	(2)
Orion Nuclear Rocket	37	(1)
Antimatter Propellants	37	(1)
Discussion Questions	38	(1)
Additional Reading	38	(1)
Orbits	39	(20)
Getting into Orbit	39	(1)
Ellipses	40	(1)
Eccentricity	42
Satellite Orbits	41	(2)
Speed in Circular Orbit	43	(1)
Period of a Circular Orbit	44
Useful Orbits	43	(3)
Orbital Perturbations	46	(2)
Orbital Maneuvering	48	(4)
Changing Eccentricity	49	(1)
Hohmann Transfer	49	(2)
Rendezvous	51	(1)
Other Maneuvers	52	(1)
Deorbit	52	(1)
The Lagrangian Points	52	(1)
Trajectory to the Moon	53	(2)
Escape Speed	55	(1)
To Another Planet	55	(2)
Discussion Questions	57	(1)
Additional Reading	57	(2)
The Space Environment	59	(22)
The Sun	59	(6)
Atoms	59	(1)
A Nuclear Furnace	60	(1)
Nuclear Fusion	61	(1)
Surface Features	61	(2)
Sunspots	63	(1)
The Sunspot Cycle	64	(1)
The Chromosphere	65	(1)
Solar Energy Output	65	(1)
The Solar Constant	65	(1)
Electromagnetic Waves	66	(1)
Waves: Speed, Wavelength, and Frequency	67
Solar Wind, Coronal Holes, Coronal Mass Ejections	66	(1)
Solar Flares	67	(1)
Cosmic Rays	67	(1)
Sun-Earth Relationships: Space Weather	68	(4)
Electromagnetic Radiation	68	(1)
Particle Radiation	69	(1)
Trapped Particles: The Van Allen Belts	70	(1)
Auroras	70	(1)
Geomagnetic Storms	71	(1)
Atmospheric Density	71	(1)
Effects of Space Weather on Equipment	71	(1)
Space Weather Forecasting	72	(1)
Flare Forecasting	72	(1)
Forecasting Proton Events	73	(1)
Predicting Coronal Mass Ejections/Geomagnetic Storms	73	(1)
Observing and Forecasting Network	73	(1)
Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites, Asteroids	73	(3)
Hazards to Spaceflight	75	(1)
Contamination by Spacecraft	76	(1)
Space Debris	76	(3)
Discussion Questions	79	(1)
Additional Reading	79	(2)
Satellites	81	(22)
Communications Satellites	81	(5)
Geosynchronous Satellites	82	(1)
Direct-to-Home Satellites	83	(1)
Molniya Satellites	84	(1)
Direct-to-People Satellites	84	(1)
Military Communications Satellites	85	(1)
Navigation Satellites	86	(6)
Errors in Position Finding	87	(1)
Range Error	88	(1)
Navstar GPS Equations	89	(1)
The Navstar Global Positioning System	90	(1)
GLONASS	91	(1)
GPS Users	91	(1)
Energy Satellites	92	(5)
Photovoltaic Cells	93	(1)
Solar Cells for Spacecraft	94	(1)
Power Stations in Space	94	(3)
Solar Energy	97	(1)
Space Defense	97	(4)
Defense Against Ballistic Missiles	98	(1)
Strategic Defense Initiative	98	(1)
Laser Weapons	99	(1)
Particle Beams	99	(1)
Kinetic Energy Weapons	99	(1)
Countermeasures	100	(1)
Antisatellite Weapons	100	(1)
Conclusion	100	(1)
Discussion Questions	101	(1)
Additional Reading	101	(1)
Periodicals	101	(2)
Remote Sensing	103	(16)
Electromagnetic Waves	103	(2)
Wavelength of Maximum Emission	104	(1)
Remote Sensing from Space	105	(6)
Spectral Bands	106	(2)
Resolution	108	(3)
Image Processing	111	(2)
Weather Satellites	113	(1)
Radar Mapping	114	(1)
Reconnaissance	115	(1)
Early Warning	116	(1)
Mission to Planet Earth	116	(2)
International Participation	117	(1)
Discussion Questions	118	(1)
Additional Reading	118	(1)
Astronomy from Space	119	(24)
Exploring the Solar System	119	(16)
Missions to the Moon	119	(1)
Pre-Apollo Lunar Exploration	119	(1)
Clementine	120	(1)
Lunar Prospector	121	(1)
Missions to Mars	122	(1)
Pathfinder and Sojourner	122	(2)
Mars Polar Lander	124	(1)
Global Surveyor	124	(2)
Voyager	126	(1)
Voyager at Jupiter	126	(1)
Voyager at Saturn	127	(1)
Voyager at Uranus	128	(1)
Voyager at Neptune	129	(1)
Pioneer and Voyager Beyond the Solar System	129	(1)
Galileo to Jupiter	130	(2)
Cassini to Saturn	132	(1)
Magellan to Venus	133	(1)
Ulysses to the Sun	134	(1)
Pluto-Kuiper Express	135	(1)
Beyond the Solar System	135	(7)
X-ray Telescopes	136	(1)
Gamma Ray Observatory	137	(1)
Infrared Astronomy from Orbit	137	(2)
Radio Wave Astronomy from Orbit	139	(1)
Hubble Space Telescope (HST)	139	(1)
Light Intensity	140	(1)
Volumes of Spheres	141	(1)
Discussion Questions	142	(1)
Additional Reading	142	(1)
Periodicals	142	(1)
Space Shuttle	143	(24)
Solid Rocket Boosters	144	(1)
The Orbiter	145	(5)
Engines	147	(1)
Orbiter Thermal Protection	148	(2)
Electric Power	150	(1)
External Tank	150	(2)
Hydrogen-Oxygen Combustion	152	(1)
Assembly	152	(1)
Typical Mission Profile	152	(8)
Ignition and Liftoff	152	(4)
Space Shuttle Acceleration	156
Solid Booster Rocket Operation	154	(1)
Main Engine and External Tank Operation	154	(2)
Orbit Insertion	156	(2)
Attitude Control Thrusters	158	(1)
Reentry and Landing	158	(1)
Reentry Deceleration	159	(1)
Safety	160	(1)
Other Winged Vehicles	160	(5)
DC-X	162	(1)
X-34	162	(1)
X-33 and Venture Star	163	(1)
Propellant Weight vs. Dry Weight	164	(1)
X-37	164	(1)
X-38, Crew Return Vehicle	165	(1)
X-43, Hyper-X	165	(1)
Discussion Questions	165	(1)
Additional Reading	165	(2)
Living in Space	167	(16)
Cabin Atmosphere	167	(2)
Space Station Atmospheres	169
Loss of Atmospheric Pressure	168	(1)
Decompression Sickness - The Bends	169	(1)
Food	169	(3)
Food Preparation	170	(1)
Mehus	170	(2)
Sleep	172	(1)
Hygiene	172	(2)
Radiation	174	(2)
Solar Proton Storms	175	(1)
Low Level Radiation	175	(1)
Gravity and Weightlessness	176	(4)
High g	176	(1)
Weightlessness	177	(2)
Space Adaptation Syndrome	179	(1)
Exercise	180	(1)
Discussion Questions	181	(1)
Additional Reading	181	(2)
Working in Space	183	(16)
Tools of the Trade	183	(2)
Remote Manipulator Arm	183	(2)
Space Suits	185	(4)
Through the Airlock	187	(1)
Manned Maneuvering Unit	187	(2)
Care and Feeding of Satellites	189	(3)
Launching Satellites	189	(1)
Retrieving Satellites	190	(1)
Repairing Satellites	190	(1)
Repairing the Hubble Space Telescope	191	(1)
Construction of Large Structures	192	(1)
Microgravity Research	192	(4)
Spacelab	193	(1)
Life Sciences	194	(1)
Weighing a Weightless Astronaut	195
Protein Crystal Growth	194	(1)
Biological Science Experiments	194	(2)
Meteorology	196	(1)
Industrial Research	196	(1)
Electrophoresis	197	(1)
SPACEHAB	198	(1)
Discussion Questions	198	(1)
Additional Reading	198	(1)
Space Stations	199	(20)
Why a Space Station	199	(1)
Mir-Shuttle Program	200	(1)
The International Space Station (ISS)	201	(4)
Design	201	(1)
Construction	201	(2)
Robotic Arms	203	(1)
EVA	203	(1)
Orbit	204	(1)
Life Support	205	(1)
Bus Services to Orbit	205	(1)
Future Innovations	205	(1)
City-Sized Space Colonies	205	(11)
Location	207	(1)
Energy	208	(1)
Materials	208	(1)
Artificial Gravity	208	(2)
Artificial Gravity	210
Meteoroid and Radiation Protection	209	(2)
Life Support	211	(1)
Atmosphere	211	(1)
Food and Water	211	(1)
Space Agriculture	212	(2)
Closing the Loop	214	(1)
Medical and Psychological Well-Being	214	(2)
Biosphere II	216	(1)
Discussion Questions	217	(1)
Additional Reading	217	(1)
Periodicals	218	(1)
Colonies on Other Worlds	219	(24)
Permanent Colonies on the Moon	219	(6)
Moon's Natural Resources	220	(1)
Lunar Water	220	(1)
Lunar Oxygen and Hydrogen	220	(1)
Mining the Moon's Helium	220	(1)
Mining the Moon's Metals	221	(1)
Molecular Weights	222
Mining the Moon's Oxygen	221	(2)
The Mass Driver	223	(2)
Astronomy on the Moon	225	(1)
Luna City	225	(4)
Site Selection	226	(3)
Mars, the Red Planet	229	(8)
Martian Landscapes	230	(1)
Martian Atmosphere	231	(1)
Water on Mars	232	(1)
Unmanned Exploration	233	(1)
Humans on Mars	234	(1)
Interplanetary Transportation	234	(1)
Mars Direct	235	(1)
Trajectories	235	(1)
The First Settlement	236	(1)
Cycling to Mars	236	(1)
Terraforming	237	(2)
On to the Stars	239	(1)
Planets Around Other Stars	239	(1)
Discussion Questions	240	(1)
Additional Reading	240	(1)
Periodicals	241	(2)
Life in the Universe	243	(16)
The Chemistry of Life	243	(2)
Sources of Organic Molecules	245	(1)
Life on Earth	245	(1)
Searches for Living Organisms in Our Solar System	246	(4)
The Mars Viking Experiments	246	(2)
The Martian Meteorite	248	(1)
Future Mars Experiments	249	(1)
Europa	250	(1)
Titan	250	(1)
The Drake Equation	250	(2)
The Drake Equation	251
Planets Around Other Stars	250	(1)
Life on Other Planets	250	(2)
Intelligent Life	252	(1)
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)	252	(2)
SETI Surveys	253	(1)
Optical SETI	254	(1)
What Do You Say to an Extraterrestrial?	254	(3)
Discussion Questions	257	(1)
Additional Reading	257	(1)
Periodicals	258	(1)
Appendix Space Shuttle Flights	259	(4)
Glossary	263	(6)
Index	269