Introduction to Theories of Personality, An

by Hergenhahn, B.R.; Olson, Matthew

• ISBN13: 9780131942288
• ISBN10: 013194228X
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780130992260, 9780134790800
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall
• More Book Details

Summary

This introduction to the theories of personality introduces readers to the rich history of psychology and practical information that helps students understand their own lives and their relationships with others. Using a theorist-by-theorist approach, this text summarizes the major theories of personality and emphasizes that the best understanding of personality comes from a variety of viewpoints. Theories representing the psychoanalytic, sociocultural, sociological, and existential-humanistic paradigms are offered as different--yet equally valid--ways of approaching the study of personality. Theorists covered include: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik H. Erikson, Gordon Allport, Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J Eyserick, B.F. Skinner, John Dollard and Neal Miller, Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel, David M. Buss, George Kelly, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and Rollo Reese May. For anyone wanting a comprehensive understanding of personality and individual differences.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
1 What Is Personality?	1	(20)
Chapter Outline	1	(1)
Three Concerns of Personality Theory	1	(1)
Proposed Determinants of Personality	2	(4)
Genetics	2	(1)
Traits	3	(1)
Sociocultural Determinants	4	(1)
Learning	4	(1)
Existential—Humanistic Considerations	5	(1)
Unconscious Mechanisms	5	(1)
Cognitive Processes	6	(1)
Personality as a Composite of Factors	6	(1)
Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist	6	(5)
What Is the Relative Importance of the Past, the Present, and the Future?	7	(1)
What Motivates Human Behavior?	7	(1)
How Important Is the Concept of Self?	7	(1)
How Important Are Unconscious Mechanisms?	8	(1)
Is Human Behavior Freely Chosen or Is It Determined?	8	(1)
What Can Be Learned by Asking People about Themselves?	8	(1)
Uniqueness versus Commonality	8	(1)
Are People Controlled Internally or Externally?	9	(1)
How Are the Mind and Body Related?	9	(1)
What Is the Nature of Human Nature?	10	(1)
How Consistent Is Human Behavior?	10	(1)
How Do We Find the Answers?	11	(2)
Epistemology	11	(1)
Science	11	(1)
Scientific Theory	11	(1)
Synthetic Function versus Heuristic Function	12	(1)
Principle of Verification	13	(1)
Science and Personality Theory	13	(4)
Kuhn's View of Science	14	(1)
Popper's View of Science	15	(1)
Self-Correction in Science	16	(1)
Summary	17	(1)
Experiential Exercises	18	(1)
Discussion Questions	19	(1)
Glossary	19	(2)
2 Sigmund Freud	21	(42)
Chapter Outline	21	(1)
Biographical Sketch	22	(2)
The Cocaine Incident	23	(1)
Early Influences on Freud's Theory	24	(5)
Freud's Visit with Charcot	24	(1)
Freud's Visit with Bernheim	25	(1)
Josef Breuer and the Case of Anna O	26	(1)
The Fate of Bertha Pappenheim	27	(1)
The Development of Free Association	28	(1)
Instincts and Their Characteristics	29	(1)
Life and Death Instincts	30	(1)
Divisions of the Mind	30	(3)
The Id	30	(1)
The Ego	31	(1)
The Superego	32	(1)
Cathexis and Anticathexis	33	(1)
Anxiety	34	(1)
Ego-Defense Mechanisms	35	(5)
Repression	35	(1)
Displacement	36	(1)
Identification	37	(1)
Denial of Reality	37	(1)
Projection	37	(1)
Undoing	38	(1)
Reaction Formation	38	(1)
Rationalization	39	(1)
Intellectualization (Also Called Isolation of Affect)	39	(1)
Regression	39	(1)
Altruistic Surrender	39	(1)
Identification with the Aggressor	40	(1)
Psychosexual Stages of Development	40	(3)
Oral Stage	40	(1)
Anal Stage	41	(1)
Phallic Stage	41	(2)
Latency Stage	43	(1)
Genital Stage	43	(1)
Summary of Freud's Views on Feminine Psychology	43	(2)
Tapping the Unconscious Mind	45	(3)
Free Association	45	(1)
Dream Analysis	46	(1)
Everyday Life	47	(1)
Humor	48	(1)
Freud's View of Religion	48	(1)
Freud's View of Human Nature	49	(1)
Modifications of the Freudian Legend	50	(4)
Freud's Revision of His Seduction Theory	50	(3)
Correcting Other Freudian Myths	53	(1)
Evaluation	54	(2)
Empirical Research	54	(1)
Criticisms	54	(1)
Contributions	55	(1)
Summary	56	(3)
Experiential Exercises	59	(1)
Discussion Questions	59	(1)
Glossary	59	(4)
3 Carl Jung	63	(32)
Chapter Outline	63	(1)
Biographical Sketch	64	(1)
Stone	64	(1)
Manikin	65	(1)
Phallus Dream	65	(1)
Throne Vision	66
Jung's Early Dreams, Visions, and Fantasies	64	(3)
Jung's Early Professional Life	67	(1)
Jung's Relationship with Freud	68	(3)
Jung's Creative Illness	70	(1)
Libido and the Principles of Equivalence, Entropy, and Opposites	71	(1)
Libido	71	(1)
Principle of Equivalence	71	(1)
Principle of Entropy	72	(1)
Principle of Opposites	72	(1)
Components of the Personality	72	(3)
Ego	72	(1)
Personal Unconscious	73	(1)
Collective Unconscious	74	(1)
Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow, and Self	75	(3)
Persona	75	(1)
Anima	76	(1)
Animus	77	(1)
Shadow	77	(1)
Self	78	(1)
Psychological Types	78	(3)
Attitudes	78	(1)
Functions of Thought	78	(1)
Eight Personality Types	79	(2)
Stages of Development	81	(2)
Childhood (From Birth to Adolescence)	82	(1)
Young Adulthood (From Adolescence to About Age 40)	82	(1)
Middle Age (From About Age 40 to the Later Years of Life)	82	(1)
Life's Goal	83	(2)
Causality, Teleology, and Synchronicity	85	(2)
Causality	85	(1)
Teleology	85	(1)
Synchronicity	85	(2)
Research Techniques	87	(2)
Psychotic Patients	87	(1)
Jung's Analysis of Dreams	88	(1)
Jung's View of Human Nature	89	(1)
Evaluation	89	(2)
Empirical Research	89	(1)
Criticisms	90	(1)
Contributions	90	(1)
Summary	91	(1)
Experiential Exercises	92	(1)
Discussion Questions	93	(1)
Glossary	93	(2)
4 Alfred Adler	95	(31)
Chapter Outline	95	(1)
Biographical Sketch	96	(2)
Organ Inferiority and Compensation	98	(1)
Feelings of Inferiority	99	(2)
Feelings of Inferiority as Motivational	100	(1)
Striving for Superiority	100	(1)
Vaihinger's Philosophy of "As If'	101	(1)
Fictional Goals and Lifestyles	102	(1)
Social Interest	103	(1)
Mistaken Lifestyles	104	(2)
Creative Self	106	(1)
Safeguarding Strategies	107	(3)
Excuses	107	(1)
Aggression	108	(1)
Distancing	109	(1)
Goal of Psychotherapy	110	(1)
Adler's View of the Unconscious	111	(1)
Methods of Research	111	(4)
Birth Order	112	(1)
First Memories	113	(1)
Dream Analysis	114	(1)
Behavioral Mannerisms	114	(1)
Summary of the Differences between Adler and Freud	115	(1)
Evaluation	115	(6)
Empirical Research	115	(4)
Criticisms	119	(1)
Contributions	120	(1)
Summary	121	(2)
Experiential Exercises	123	(1)
Discussion Questions	123	(1)
Glossary	123	(3)
5 Karen Homey	126	(27)
Chapter Outline	126	(1)
Biographical Sketch	127	(2)
Basic Evil, Hostility, and Anxiety	129	(2)
Adjustments to Basic Anxiety	131	(2)
Moving Toward, Against, or Away from People	133	(1)
Moving Toward People	133	(1)
Moving Against People	134	(1)
Moving Away from People	134
Moving Toward, Against, or Away from People	133	(2)
Real and Idealized Self	135	(1)
Externalization	136	(1)
Auxiliary Approaches to Artificial Harmony	137	(3)
Blind Spots	138	(1)
Compartmentalization	138	(1)
Rationalization	139	(1)
Excessive Self-Control	139	(1)
Arbitrary Rightness	139	(1)
Elusiveness	139	(1)
Cynicism	139	(1)
Feminine Psychology	140	(3)
Horney's Explanation of Penis Envy	141	(2)
Psychotherapy	143	(1)
Goal of Psychotherapy	143	(1)
Self-Analysis	144	(2)
Comparison of Horney and Freud	146	(1)
Early Childhood Experience	146	(1)
Unconscious Motivation	146	(1)
Biological Motivation	146	(1)
Psychotherapy	147	(1)
Is Anatomy Destiny?	147	(1)
Prognosis for Personality Change	147	(1)
Evaluation	147	(2)
Empirical Research	147	(1)
Criticisms	148	(1)
Contributions	148	(1)
Summary	149	(1)
Experiential Exercises	150	(1)
Discussion Questions	151	(1)
Glossary	151	(2)
6 Erik H. Erikson	153	(31)
Chapter Outline	153	(1)
Biographical Sketch	154	(3)
Anatomy and Destiny	157	(4)
Epigenetic Principle, Crises, Ritualizations, and Ritualisms	161	(2)
Epigenetic Principle	161	(1)
Crises	161	(1)
Ritualizations and Ritualisms	162	(1)
Eight Stages of Personality Development	163	(10)
Infancy: Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust	163	(2)
Early Childhood: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt	165	(1)
Preschool Age: Initiative versus Guilt	166	(1)
School Age: Industry versus Inferiority	166	(2)
Adolescence: Identity versus Role Confusion	168	(2)
Young Adulthood: Intimacy versus Isolation	170	(1)
Adulthood: Generativity versus Stagnation	171	(1)
Old Age: Ego Integrity versus Despair	171	(2)
Goal of Psychotherapy	173	(1)
Comparison of Erikson and Freud	174	(2)
Development	174	(1)
Anatomy as Destiny	174	(1)
Ego Psychology	174	(1)
Unconscious Mind	174	(1)
Dream Analysis	174	(1)
Psychotherapy	175	(1)
Religion	175	(1)
Evaluation	176	(2)
Empirical Research	176	(1)
Criticisms	177	(1)
Contributions	178	(1)
Summary	178	(2)
Experiential Exercises	180	(1)
Discussion Questions	181	(1)
Glossary	181	(3)
7 Gordon Allport	184	(33)
Chapter Outline	184	(1)
Biographical Sketch	185	(2)
What Is Personality?	187	(2)
Dynamic Organization	188	(1)
Psychophysical Systems	188	(1)
Determine	188	(1)
Characteristic Behavior and Thought	189	(1)
Character, Temperament, and Type	189	(1)
Character	189	(1)
Temperament	189	(1)
Type	189	(1)
Criteria for an Adequate Theory of Personality	190	(1)
Allport's Concept of Trait	191	(3)
Interaction of Traits and Situations	192	(1)
Traits Are Not Habits	193	(1)
Traits Are Not Attitudes	193	(1)
Types of Traits	194	(1)
Cardinal Dispositions	195	(1)
Central Dispositions	195	(1)
Secondary Dispositions	195	(1)
The Proprium	195	(3)
Conscience	197	(1)
Functional Autonomy	198	(3)
The Healthy, Mature Adult Personality	201	(2)
Unhealthy Persons	202	(1)
The Nature of Prejudice	203	(3)
Religion	206	(1)
Extrinsic Religion	206	(1)
Intrinsic Religion	206	(1)
Letters from Jenny	207	(2)
Study of Expressive Behavior and Values	209	(1)
Evaluation	210	(3)
Empirical Research	210	(1)
Criticisms	210	(2)
Contributions	212	(1)
Summary	213	(1)
Experiential Exercises	214	(1)
Discussion Questions	215	(1)
Glossary	215	(2)
8 Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck	217	(43)
Chapter Outline	217	(1)
Biographical Sketches	218	(4)
Raymond B. Cattell	218	(2)
Hans J. Eysenck	220	(2)
Factor Analysis	222	(4)
Cattell's Approach to Research	225	(1)
Eysenck's Approach to Research	225	(1)
Nomothetic versus Idiographic Techniques	226	(2)
Cattell's R- and P-Techniques	226	(1)
Eysenck's Nomothetic–Idiographic Compromise	227	(1)
Taxonomy of Traits	228	(8)
Cattell's Analysis of Traits	228	(7)
Eysenck's Analysis of Traits	235	(1)
Historical Roots of Eysenck's Theory	236	(3)
Jung's Hypothesis	236	(1)
Additional Historical influences	237	(2)
Biological Bases of Personality	239	(2)
Excitation and Inhibition	239	(1)
Cortical and Emotional Arousal	240	(1)
Is Anatomy Destiny?	241	(2)
Cattell: Heredity versus Environment	241	(1)
Eysenck: The Biological Argument	242	(1)
Personality Development	243	(2)
Cattell's Multiple Influence Approach	243	(1)
Eysenck and Heritable Traits	244	(1)
Psychopathology	245	(1)
Psychotherapy	246	(1)
Contemporary Developments: The Big Five	247	(2)
Have the Big Five Displaced Cattell and Eysenck?	248	(1)
Evaluation	249	(6)
Cattell: Empirical Research	250	(1)
Eysenck: Empirical Research	250	(2)
Criticisms	252	(1)
Contributions	253	(2)
Summary	255	(2)
Experiential Exercises	257	(1)
Discussion Questions	258	(1)
Glossary	258	(2)
9 B.F. Skinner	260	(32)
Chapter Outline	260	(1)
Biographical Sketch	261	(2)
Skinner and Personality Theory	263	(3)
Respondent and Operant Behavior	266	(1)
Operant Conditioning	267	(5)
Acquisition	267	(1)
Shaping	268	(1)
Extinction	269	(1)
Discriminative Operants	270	(1)
Secondary Reinforcement	271	(1)
Chaining	272	(1)
Verbal Behavior	273	(1)
Reinforcement Schedules	274	(1)
Superstitious Behavior	275	(1)
Reinforcement Contingencies	276	(3)
Positive Reinforcement	276	(1)
Negative Reinforcement	276	(1)
Avoidance	277	(1)
Punishment	277	(2)
Our Biggest Problem	279	(1)
Contingency Contracting	279	(1)
Behavior Disorders and Behavior Therapy	280	(2)
Walden Two	282	(2)
Beyond Freedom and Dignity	284	(1)
Evaluation	285	(2)
Empirical Research	285	(1)
Criticisms	285	(1)
Contributions	286	(1)
Summary	287	(1)
Experiential Exercises	288	(1)
Discussion Questions	289	(1)
Glossary	289	(3)
10 John Dollard and Neal Miller	292	(34)
Chapter Outline	292	(1)
Biographical Sketches	293	(3)
John Dollard	293	(1)
Neal Miller	294	(2)
Collaborative Goal	296	(1)
Hull's Theory of Learning	296	(1)
Drive, Cue, Response, and Reinforcement	297	(2)
Drive	297	(1)
Cue	298	(1)
Response	298	(1)
Reinforcement	299	(1)
Response Hierarchies	299	(2)
The Gradient of Reinforcement	301	(1)
Fear as an Acquired Drive	301	(1)
Stimulus Generalization	302	(1)
Conflict	303	(3)
Approach-Approach Conflict	303	(1)
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict	304	(1)
Approach-Avoidance Conflict	304	(1)
Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict	305	(1)
Displacement	306	(2)
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis	308	(2)
Importance of Language	310	(2)
Unconscious Mind	312	(1)
Experiences That Were Never Verbalized	312	(1)
Repressed Experiences	312	(1)
Neurosis and Symptom Formation	313	(2)
Neurosis	313	(1)
Symptom Formation	314	(1)
Psychotherapy	315	(2)
Four Critical Training Situations of Childhood	317	(1)
Evaluation	318	(2)
Empirical Research	318	(1)
Criticisms	319	(1)
Contributions	320	(1)
Summary	320	(3)
Experiential Exercises	323	(1)
Discussion Questions	323	(1)
Glossary	323	(3)
11 Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel	326	(34)
Chapter Outline	326	(1)
Biographical Sketches	327	(2)
Albert Bandura	327	(1)
Walter Mischel	328	(1)
Consistency of Human Behavior	329	(3)
Reciprocal Determinism	331	(1)
Cognitive Social Person Variables	332	(2)
Observational Learning	334	(5)
News and Entertainment Media as Models	337	(1)
Attentional Processes	338	(1)
Retentional Processes	338	(1)
Motor Reproduction Processes	338	(1)
Motivational Processes	339	(1)
Self-Regulated Behavior	339	(7)
Dysfunctional Expectancies and Psychotherapy	346	(3)
Social-Cognitive Theory View of Human Nature	349	(3)
Freedom versus Determinism	349	(1)
Freedom as Options	350	(1)
Chance Encounters and Life Paths	350	(1)
Mind–Body Relationship	351	(1)
Evaluation	352	(3)
Empirical Research	352	(1)
Criticisms	353	(1)
Contributions	354	(1)
Summary	355	(2)
Experiential Exercises	357	(1)
Discussion Questions	357	(1)
Glossary	357	(3)
12 David M. Buss	360	(43)
Chapter Outline	360	(1)
Biographical Sketch	361	(1)
Darwin's Theory of Evolution	362	(1)
Inclusive Fitness	363	(1)
Evolutionary Psychology Is Not Sociobiology	363	(2)
Sociobiology and Perpetuation of the Genes	363	(1)
Evolutionary Psychology and Problems of Adaptation	363	(1)
What is Selected by Natural Selection?	364	(1)
Personality Theory and Human Nature	365	(3)
The Social Science Model	366	(1)
Evolutionary Psychological Theory of Human Nature	366	(1)
Nature or Nurture?	367	(1)
Culture	367	(1)
Sex Differences: Mating Strategies	368	(10)
What is a Strategy?	368	(1)
Long-Term Mating Strategies: Women's Preferences	369	(2)
Long-Term Mating Strategies: Men's Preferences	371	(2)
Long-Term Strategies: Females Attracting Males	373	(1)
Long-Term Strategies: Males Attracting Females	374	(1)
Short-Term Strategies, Strategic Interference, and Deception	375	(1)
Women Seeking Short-Term Mates	375	(1)
Men Seeking Short-Term Mates	376	(1)
Strategic Interference	377	(1)
Deception	378	(1)
Love and Jealousy	378	(4)
Altruism, Inclusive Fitness, and Social Groups	382	(5)
Parenting as Altruism	382	(2)
Sex Differences	384	(1)
Reciprocal Altruism	384	(3)
Dysfunctional Behavior	387	(3)
Suicide	387	(1)
Murder	388	(1)
Homicide within Families	389	(1)
Psychological Disorders	390	(3)
Addiction	390	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa	391	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	392	(1)
Evaluation	393	(5)
Criticisms	393	(3)
Contributions	396	(2)
Summary	398	(2)
Experiential Exercises	400	(1)
Discussion Questions	400	(1)
Glossary	400	(3)
13 George Kelly	403	(35)
Chapter Outline	403	(1)
Biographical Sketch	404	(3)
Categorization of Kelly's Theory	407	(1)
Basic Postulate—People as Scientists	408	(2)
Kelly, Vaihinger, and Adler	410	(1)
The Eleven Corollaries	410	(6)
CPC Cycle	416	(1)
Circumspection Phase	416	(1)
Preemption Phase	416	(1)
Control Phase	417	(1)
Creativity Cycle	417	(1)
Loosened Construction Phase	417	(1)
Tightened Construction Phase	417	(1)
Test Phase	417	(1)
Kelly's Interpretation of Traditional Psychological Concepts	418	(4)
Motivation	418	(1)
Anxiety	418	(1)
Hostility	419	(1)
Aggression	419	(1)
Guilt	420	(1)
Threat	420	(1)
Fear	421	(1)
Unconscious	421	(1)
Learning	422	(1)
Reinforcement	422	(1)
Psychotherapy	422	(5)
Role Construct Repertory Test	423	(3)
Fixed-Role Therapy	426	(1)
Being Oneself	427	(1)
Construct Systems and Paradigms	427	(1)
Evaluation	428	(4)
Current Status	428	(1)
Empirical. Research	428	(2)
Criticisms	430	(1)
Contributions	430	(2)
Summary	432	(2)
Experiential Exercises	434	(1)
Discussion Questions	434	(1)
Glossary	435	(3)
14 Carl Rogers	438	(31)
Chapter Outline	438	(1)
Biographical Sketch	439	(4)
Actualizing Tendency	443	(1)
Organismic Valuing Process	443	(1)
Phenomenological Field	444	(1)
Emergence of the Self	445	(1)
Need for Positive Regard	445	(1)
Incongruent Person	446	(1)
Psychotherapy	447	(3)
Fully Functioning Person	450	(4)
Q-Sort Technique	451	(3)
Rogers–Skinner Debate	454	(1)
Freedom to Learn	455	(2)
Modern Marriage	457	(1)
Person of Tomorrow	458	(2)
Evaluation	460	(4)
Empirical Research	460	(2)
Criticisms	462	(1)
Contributions	462	(2)
Summary	464	(2)
Experiential Exercises	466	(1)
Discussion Questions	467	(1)
Glossary	467	(2)
15 Abraham Maslow	469	(33)
Chapter Outline	469	(1)
Biographical Sketch	470	(5)
Third-Force Psychology	475	(2)
Hierarchy of Needs	477	(4)
Physiological Needs	477	(1)
Safety Needs	478	(1)
Belongingness and Love Needs	478	(1)
Esteem Needs	478	(1)
Self-Actualization	478	(1)
Exceptions in the Hierarchy of Needs	479	(1)
Degrees of Satisfaction	479	(1)
Desire to Know and Understand	480	(1)
The Aesthetic Needs	481	(1)
Being Motivation	481	(2)
Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People	483	(5)
Negative Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People	487	(1)
Why Self-Actualization Is Not Universal	488	(2)
Conditions Necessary for Self-Actualization	489	(1)
Self-Actualization and Gender	489	(1)
Eupsychia	490	(1)
Ashrams—Places for Personal Growth	491	(1)
Transpersonal Psychology	492	(1)
Evaluation	493	(4)
Empirical Research	493	(2)
Criticisms	495	(2)
Contributions	497	(1)
Summary	497	(2)
Experiential Exercises	499	(1)
Discussion Questions	500	(1)
Glossary	500	(2)
16 Rollo Reese May	502	(27)
Chapter Outline	502	(1)
Biographical Sketch	502	(4)
Existentialism	506	(3)
Dasein	506	(1)
Three Modes of Existence	506	(1)
Alienation	506	(1)
Freedom	507	(1)
Responsibility	507	(1)
Ontology	507	(1)
Phenomenology	507	(1)
Authenticity	507	(1)
Death	508	(1)
Thrownness	508	(1)
Human Dilemma	509	(2)
Intentionality	510	(1)
Anxiety and Guilt	511	(2)
Normal Anxiety	511	(1)
Neurotic Anxiety	512	(1)
Normal and Neurotic Guilt	512	(1)
Importance of Values	513	(2)
Nature of Love	515	(2)
Sex	515	(1)
Eros	515	(1)
Philia	516	(1)
Agapé	517	(1)
Psychotherapy	517	(2)
Importance of Myth	519	(2)
New Science of Humans	521	(1)
Evaluation	521	(2)
Empirical Research	521	(1)
Criticisms	522	(1)
Contributions	523	(1)
Summary	523	(3)
Experiential Exercises	526	(1)
Discussion Questions	526	(1)
Glossary	526	(3)
17 A Final Word	529	(5)
Chapter Outline	529	(1)
Personality Theories Often Reflect the Biographies of Their Authors	529	(1)
Much about Personality Remains Unknown	530	(1)
Composite of All Major Theories Best Explains Personality	531	(1)
You Are the Final Judge	532	(1)
Summary	533	(1)
Experiential Exercises	533	(1)
References	534	(31)
Name Index	565	(8)
Subject Index	573