Introduction to Tribology

by Bhushan, Bharat

• ISBN13: 9781118403259
• ISBN10: 1118403258
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2013-02-14
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

A fully updated version of the popular Introduction to Tribology, the second edition of this leading tribology text introduces the major developments in the understanding and interpretation of friction, wear and lubrication.  Considerations of friction and wear have been fully revised to include recent analysis and data work, and friction mechanisms have been reappraised in light of current developments.  

In this edition, the breakthroughs in tribology at the nano- and micro- level as well as recent developments in nanotechnology and magnetic storage technologies are introduced. A new chapter on the emerging field of green tribology and biomimetics is included. 

• Introduces the topic of tribology from a mechanical engineering, mechanics and materials science points of view
• Newly updated chapter covers both the underlying theory and the current applications of tribology to industry
• Updated write-up on nanotribology and nanotechnology  and introduction of a new chapter on green tribology and biomimetics
• Enables readers to reinforce their knowledge of the topic with a newly added problems section which features on the book’s companion website

Author Biography

Dr Bhushan is Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Howard D. Winbigler Professor as well as Director of the Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics at The Ohio State University. During his career he has received a number of awards and accolades as well as being central to teaching and formulating the curriculum in Tribology-related topics.  He is a Fellow and Life Member of American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, as well as various other professional societies.

Table of Contents

About the Author xv

Foreword xvii

Series Preface xix

Preface to the Second Edition xxi

Preface to the First Edition xxiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Definition and History of Tribology 1

1.2 Industrial Significance of Tribology 3

1.3 Origins and Significance of Micro/Nanotribology 4

1.4 Organization of the Book 6

References 7

2 Solid Surface Characterization 9

2.1 The Nature of Surfaces 9

2.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Layers 10

2.2.1 Deformed Layer 10

2.2.2 Chemically Reacted Layer 11

2.2.3 Physisorbed Layer 12

2.2.4 Chemisorbed Layer 13

2.2.5 Methods of Characterization of Surface Layers 13

2.3 Analysis of Surface Roughness 14

2.3.1 Average Roughness Parameters 16

2.3.2 Statistical Analyses 23

2.3.3 Fractal Characterization 45

2.3.4 Practical Considerations in Measurement of Roughness Parameters 47

2.4 Measurement of Surface Roughness 51

2.4.1 Mechanical Stylus Method 52

2.4.2 Optical Methods 56

2.4.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods 67

2.4.4 Fluid Methods 76

2.4.5 Electrical Method 77

2.4.6 Electron Microscopy Methods 77

2.4.7 Analysis of Measured Height Distribution 78

2.4.8 Comparison of Measurement Methods 78

2.5 Closure 84

Problems 85

References 86

Further Reading 88

3 Contact Between Solid Surfaces 91

3.1 Introduction 91

3.2 Analysis of the Contacts 92

3.2.1 Single Asperity Contact of Homogeneous and Frictionless Solids 92

3.2.2 Single Asperity Contact of Layered Solids in Frictionless and Frictional Contacts 105

3.2.3 Multiple Asperity Dry Contacts 117

3.3 Measurement of the Real Area of Contact 146

3.3.1 Measurement Techniques 146

3.3.2 Typical Measurements 147

3.4 Closure 150

Problems 152

References 153

Further Reading 155

4 Adhesion 157

4.1 Introduction 157

4.2 Solid–Solid Contact 158

4.2.1 Covalent Bond 161

4.2.2 Ionic or Electrostatic Bond 161

4.2.3 Metallic Bond 162

4.2.4 Hydrogen Bond 164

4.2.5 van der Waals Bond 164

4.2.6 Free Surface Energy Theory of Adhesion 164

4.2.7 Polymer Adhesion 171

4.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact 172

4.3.1 Idealized Geometries 173

4.3.2 Multiple-Asperity Contacts 186

4.4 Closure 194

Problems 195

References 195

Further Reading 197

5 Friction 199

5.1 Introduction 199

5.2 Solid–Solid Contact 201

5.2.1 Rules of Sliding Friction 201

5.2.2 Basic Mechanisms of Sliding Friction 206

5.2.3 Other Mechanisms of Sliding Friction 222

5.2.4 Friction Transitions During Sliding 224

5.2.5 Static Friction 226

5.2.6 Stick-Slip 228

5.2.7 Rolling Friction 232

5.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact 236

5.4 Friction of Materials 239

5.4.1 Friction of Metals and Alloys 240

5.4.2 Friction of Ceramics 244

5.4.3 Friction of Polymers 248

5.4.4 Friction of Solid Lubricants 254

5.5 Closure 264

Problems 266

References 267

Further Reading 271

6 Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces 273

6.1 Introduction 273

6.2 Thermal Analysis 274

6.2.1 Fundamental Heat Conduction Solutions 275

6.2.2 High Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa ∼ 1) (Individual Contact) 276

6.2.3 Low Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa 1) (Multiple Asperity Contact) 284

6.3 Interface Temperature Measurements 298

6.3.1 Thermocouple and Thin-Film Temperature Sensors 298

6.3.2 Radiation Detection Techniques 302

6.3.3 Metallographic Techniques 308

6.3.4 Liquid Crystals 308

6.4 Closure 309

Problems 311

References 312

7 Wear 315

7.1 Introduction 315

7.2 Types of Wear Mechanism 316

7.2.1 Adhesive Wear 316

7.2.2 Abrasive Wear (by Plastic Deformation and Fracture) 328

7.2.3 Fatigue Wear 342

7.2.4 Impact Wear 349

7.2.5 Chemical (Corrosive) Wear 359

7.2.6 Electrical-Arc-Induced Wear 361

7.2.7 Fretting and Fretting Corrosion 363

7.3 Types of Particles Present in Wear Debris 365

7.3.1 Plate-Shaped Particles 365

7.3.2 Ribbon-Shaped Particles 366

7.3.3 Spherical Particles 367

7.3.4 Irregularly Shaped Particles 367

7.4 Wear of Materials 369

7.4.1 Wear of Metals and Alloys 371

7.4.2 Wear of Ceramics 376

7.4.3 Wear of Polymers 383

7.5 Closure 388

Problems 391

References 392

Further Reading 396

8 Fluid Film Lubrication 399

8.1 Introduction 399

8.2 Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrication 400

8.2.1 Hydrostatic Lubrication 401

8.2.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 401

8.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 402

8.2.4 Mixed Lubrication 403

8.2.5 Boundary Lubrication 403

8.3 Viscous Flow and Reynolds Equation 404

8.3.1 Viscosity and Newtonian Fluids 404

8.3.2 Fluid Flow 409

8.4 Hydrostatic Lubrication 418

8.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 428

8.5.1 Thrust Bearings 430

8.5.2 Journal Bearings 443

8.5.3 Squeeze Film Bearings 462

8.5.4 Gas-Lubricated Bearings 465

8.6 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 481

8.6.1 Forms of Contacts 482

8.6.2 Line Contact 483

8.6.3 Point Contact 490

8.6.4 Thermal Correction 491

8.6.5 Lubricant Rheology 491

8.7 Closure 493

Problems 495

References 497

Further Reading 499

9 Boundary Lubrication and Lubricants 501

9.1 Introduction 501

9.2 Boundary Lubrication 501

9.2.1 Effect of Adsorbed Gases 505

9.2.2 Effect of Monolayers and Multilayers 505

9.2.3 Effect of Chemical Films 508

9.2.4 Effect of Chain Length (or Molecular Weight) 510

9.3 Liquid Lubricants 511

9.3.1 Principal Classes of Lubricants 511

9.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lubricants 517

9.3.3 Additives 517

9.4 Greases 520

9.5 Closure 521

References 521

Further Reading 522

10 Nanotribology 525

10.1 Introduction 525

10.2 SFA Studies 527

10.2.1 Description of an SFA 528

10.2.2 Static (Equilibrium), Dynamic and Shear Properties of Molecularly Thin Liquid Films 530

10.3 AFM/FFM Studies 538

10.3.1 Description of AFM/FFM and Various Measurement Techniques 539

10.3.2 Surface Imaging, Friction, and Adhesion 547

10.3.3 Wear, Scratching, Local Deformation, and Fabrication/Machining 566

10.3.4 Indentation 577

10.3.5 Boundary Lubrication 583

10.4 Atomic-Scale Computer Simulations 598

10.4.1 Interatomic Forces and Equations of Motion 598

10.4.2 Interfacial Solid Junctions 599

10.4.3 Interfacial Liquid Junctions and Confined Films 601

10.5 Closure 602

References 606

Further Reading 612

11 Friction and Wear Screening Test Methods 615

11.1 Introduction 615

11.2 Design Methodology 615

11.2.1 Simulation 616

11.2.2 Acceleration 616

11.2.3 Specimen Preparation 616

11.2.4 Friction and Wear Measurements 617

11.3 Typical Test Geometries 619

11.3.1 Sliding Friction and Wear Tests 619

11.3.2 Abrasion Tests 623

11.3.3 Rolling-Contact Fatigue Tests 625

11.3.4 Solid-Particle Erosion Test 625

11.3.5 Corrosion Tests 626

11.4 Closure 628

References 628

Further Reading 629

12 Tribological Components and Applications 631

12.1 Introduction 631

12.2 Common Tribological Components 631

12.2.1 Sliding-Contact Bearings 631

12.2.2 Rolling-Contact Bearings 633

12.2.3 Seals 635

12.2.4 Gears 637

12.2.5 Cams and Tappets 640

12.2.6 Piston Rings 641

12.2.7 Electrical Brushes 643

12.3 MEMS/NEMS 644

12.3.1 MEMS 647

12.3.2 NEMS 653

12.3.3 BioMEMS 654

12.3.4 Microfabrication Processes 655

12.4 Material Processing 656

12.4.1 Cutting Tools 656

12.4.2 Grinding and Lapping 660

12.4.3 Forming Processes 661

12.4.4 Cutting Fluids 661

12.5 Industrial Applications 662

12.5.1 Automotive Engines 663

12.5.2 Gas Turbine Engines 664

12.5.3 Railroads 668

12.5.4 Magnetic Storage Devices 669

12.6 Closure 676

References 676

Further Reading 680

13 Green Tribology and Biomimetics 683

13.1 Introduction 683

13.2 Green Tribology 683

13.2.1 Twelve Principles of Green Tribology 684

13.2.2 Areas of Green Tribology 685

13.3 Biomimetics 689

13.3.1 Lessons from Nature 690

13.3.2 Industrial Significance 693

13.4 Closure 693

References 694

Further Reading 696

AppendixA Units, Conversions, and Useful Relations 697

A.1 Fundamental Constants 697

A.2 Conversion of Units 698

A.3 Useful Relations 698

Index 701