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Dr Bhushan is Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Howard D. Winbigler Professor as well as Director of the Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics at The Ohio State University. During his career he has received a number of awards and accolades as well as being central to teaching and formulating the curriculum in Tribology-related topics. He is a Fellow and Life Member of American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, as well as various other professional societies.
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Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 Definition and History of Tribology
1.2 Industrial Significance of Tribology
1.3 Origins and Significance of Micro/Nanotribology
1.4 Organization of the Book
2. Solid Surface Characterization
2.1 The Nature of Surfaces
2.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Layers
2.2.1 Deformed Layer
2.2.2 Chemically Reacted Layer
2.2.3 Physisorbed Layer
2.2.4 Chemisorbed Layer
2.2.5 Methods of Characterization of Surface Layers
2.3 Analysis of Surface Roughness
2.3.1 Average Roughness Parameters
2.3.2 Statistical Analyses
2.3.3 Fractal Characterization
2.3.4 Practical Considerations in Measurement of Roughness Parameters
2.4 Measurement of Surface Roughness
2.4.1 Mechanical Stylus Method
2.4.2 Optical Methods
2.4.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods
2.4.4 Fluid Methods
2.4.5 Electrical Method
2.4.6 Electron Microscopy Methods
2.4.7 Analysis of Measured Height Distribution
2.4.8 Comparison of Measurement Methods
2.5 Closure
References
3. Contact Between Solid Surfaces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Analysis of the Contacts
3.2.1 Single Asperity Contact of Homogeneous and Frictionless Solids
3.2.2 Single Asperity Contact of Layered Solids in Frictionless and Frictional
Contacts
3.2.3 Multiple Asperity Dry Contacts
3.3 Measurement of the Real Area of Contact
3.3.1 Measurement Techniques
3.3.2 Typical Measurements
3.4 Closure
References
4. Adhesion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Solid-Solid Contact
4.2.1 Covalent Bond
4.2.2 Ionic or Electrostatic Bond
4.2.3 Metallic Bond
4.2.4 Hydrogen Bonds
4.2.5 van der Waals Bond
4.2.6 Free Surface Energy Theory of Adhesion
4.2.7 Polymer Adhesion
4.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact
4.3.1 Idealized Geometries
4.3.2 Multiple – Asperity Contacts
4.4 Closure
References
5. Friction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solid-Solid Contact
5.2.1 Rules of Sliding Friction
5.2.2 Basic Mechanisms of Sliding Friction
5.2.3 Other Mechanisms of Sliding Friction
5.2.4 Friction Transitions During Sliding
5.2.5 Static Friction
5.2.6 Stick-slip
5.2.7 Rolling Friction
5.3 Liquid Mediated Contact
5.4 Friction of Materials
5.4.1 Friction of Metals and Alloys
5.4.2 Friction of Ceramics
5.4.3 Friction of Polymers
5.4.4 Friction of Solid Lubricants
5.5 Closure
References
6. Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermal Analysis
6.2.1 Fundamental Heat Conduction Solutions
6.2.2 High Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa ~ 1) (Individual Contact)
6.2.3 Low Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa << 1) (Multiple Asperity Contact)
6.3 Interface Temperature Measurements
6.3.1 Thermocouple and Thin-Film Temperature Sensors
6.3.2 Radiation Detection Techniques
6.3.3 Metallographic Techniques
6.3.4 Liquid Crystals
6.4 Closure
References
7. Wear
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Wear Mechanisms
7.2.1 Adhesive Wear
7.2.2 Abrasive Wear (by Plastic Deformation and Fracture)
7.2.3 Fatigue Wear
7.2.4 Impact Wear
7.2.5 Chemical (Corrosive) Wear
7.2.6 Electrical-Arc-Induced Wear
7.2.7 Fretting and Fretting Corrosion
7.3 Types of Particles Present in Wear Debris
7.3.1 Plate-Shaped Particles
7.3.2 Ribbon-Shaped Particles
7.3.3 Spherical Particles
7.3.4 Irregularly Shaped Particles
7.4 Wear of Materials
7.4.1 Wear of Metals and Alloys
7.4.2 Wear of Ceramics
7.4.3 Wear of Polymers
7.5 Closure
References
8. Fluid Film Lubrication
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrication
8.2.1 Hydrostatic Lubrication
8.2.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
8.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
8.2.4 Mixed Lubrication
8.2.5 Boundary Lubrication
8.3 Viscous Flow and Reynolds Equations
8.3.1 Viscosity and Newtonian Fluids
8.3.2 Fluid Flow
8.4 Hydrostatic Lubrication
8.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
8.5.1 Thrust Bearings
8.5.2 Journal Bearings
8.5.3 Squeeze Film Bearings
8.5.4 Gas-Lubricated Bearings
8.6 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
8.6.1 Forms of Contacts
8.6.2 Line Contact
8.6.3 Point Contact
8.6.4 Thermal Correction
8.6.5 Lubricant Rheology
8.7 Closure
References
9. Boundary Lubrication and Lubricants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Boundary Lubrication
9.2.1 Effect of Adsorbed Gases
9.2.2 Effect of Monolayers and Multilayers
9.2.3 Effect of Chemical Films
9.2.4 Effect of Chain Length (or Molecular Weight)
9.3 Liquid Lubricants
9.3.1 Principal Classes of Lubricants
9.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lubricants
9.3.3 Additives
9.4 Greases
9.5 Closure
References
10. Nanotribology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 SFA Studies
10.2.1 Description of an SFA
10.2.2 Static (Equilibrium), Dynamic and Shear Properties of Molecularly Thin
Liquid Films
10.3 AFM/FFM Studies
10.3.1 Description of AFM/FFM and Various Measurement Techniques
10.3.2 Surface Imaging, Friction and Adhesion
10.3.3 Wear, Scratching, Local Deformation, and Fabrication/Machining
10.3.4 Indentation
10.3.5 Boundary Lubrication
10.4 Atomic-Scale Computer Simulations
10.4.1 Interatomic Forces and Equations of Motion
10.4.2 Interfacial Solid Junctions
10.4.3 Interfacial Liquid Junctions and Confined Films
10.5 Closure
References
11. Friction and Wear Screening Test Methods
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design Methodology
11.2.1 Simulation
11.2.2 Acceleration
11.2.3 Specimen Preparation
11.2.4 Friction and Wear Measurements
11.3 Typical Test Geometries
11.3.1 Sliding Friction and Wear Tests
11.3.2 Abrasion Tests
11.3.3 Rolling-Contact Fatigue Tests
11.3.4 Solid-Particle Erosion Test
11.3.5 Corrosion Tests
11.4 Closure
References
12. Tribological Components and Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Common Tribological Components
12.2.1 Sliding-Contact Bearings
12.2.2 Rolling-Contact Bearings
12.2.3 Seals
12.2.4 Gears
12.2.5 Cams and Tappets
12.2.6 Piston Rings
12.2.7 Electrical Brushes
12.3 MEMS/NEMS
12.3.1 MEMS
12.3.2 NEMS
12.3.3 BioMEMS
12.3.4 Microfabrication Processes
12.4 Material Processing
12.4.1 Cutting Tools
12.4.2 Grinding and Lapping
12.4.3 Forming Processes
12.4.5 Cutting Fluids
12.5 Industrial Applications
12.5.1 Automotive Engines
12.5.2 Gas Turbine Engines
12.5.3 Railroads
12.5.4 Magnetic Storage Devices
12.6 Closure
References
13. Green Tribology and Biomimetics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Green Tribology
13.2.1 Twelve Principles of Green Tribology
13.2.2 Areas of Green Tribology
13.3 Biomimetics
13.3.1 Lessons from Nature
13.3.2 Industrial Significance
13.4 Closure
References
Problems
Appendix A. Units, Conversions and Useful Relations
A.1 Fundamental Constants
A.2 Conversion of Units
A.3 Useful Relations
Subject Index (To be prepared by Wiley)
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