Introductory Chemistry

by Russo, Steve; Silver, Michael E.

• ISBN13: 9780805382983
• ISBN10: 0805382984
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-05-11
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

KEY MESSAGE:Introductory Chemistry,Third Editionhelps readers master the quantitative skills and conceptual understanding they need to gain a deep understanding of chemistry. Unlike other books on the market that emphasize rote memory of problem-solving algorithms,Introductory Chemistrytakes a conceptual approach with the idea that focusing on the concepts behind chemical equations helps readers become more proficient problem solvers.What Is Chemistry?, The Numerical Side of Chemistry, The Evolution of Atomic Theory, The Modern Model of the Atom 1, Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature, The Shape of Molecules, Chemical Reactions, Stoichiometry and the Mole, The Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another in a Chemical Reaction Intermolecular Forces and the Phases of Matter, What If There Were No Intermolecular Forces?, The Ideal Gas Solutions, When Reactants Turn into Products, Chemical Equilibrium, Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases, Nuclear Chemistry, The Chemistry of Carbon, Synthetic and Biological Polymers.For all readers interested in introductory chemistry.

Author Biography

Steve Russo is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry at Cornell University and the Director of Organic Laboratories. Prior to that, he was an Assistant Professor at Indiana University. While there, he designed and implemented a state-of-the-art computer resource center for the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. He received his B.S. in chemistry from St. Francis College and his Ph.D. in physical organic chemistry from Cornell University. He is a member of the American Chemical Society and has been a recipient of the Dupont Teaching Award, Clark Teaching Award, and the Amoco Distinguished Teaching Award.

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Mike Silver is a Professor of Chemistry at Hope College. He received his B.S. in chemistry from Fairleigh Dickinson University and his Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from Cornell University. He is a member of the American Chemical Society, past president of the West Michigan Section, and a member of the Council of Undergraduate Research. He has received the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award for excellence in teaching and research and the Provost's Award for Teaching Excellence. Currently he is involved in collaborative research with the Dow Corning Chemical Company.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	v
Preface	xi
What Is Chemistry?	1	(26)
Science and Technology	1	(2)
Matter	3	(6)
Matter and Its Physical Transformations	9	(3)
Matter and Its Chemical Transformations	12	(3)
How Science Is Done---The Scientific Method	15	(3)
Learning Chemistry with This Book	18	(9)
The Numerical Side of Chemistry	27	(50)
Numbers in Chemistry---Precision and Accuracy	27	(3)
Numbers in Chemistry---Uncertainty and Significant Figures	30	(3)
Zeros and Significant Figures	33	(3)
Scientific Notation	36	(4)
How to Handle Significant Figures and Scientific Notation When Doing Math	40	(4)
Numbers with a Name---Units of Measure	44	(6)
Density: A Useful Physical Property of Matter	50	(2)
Doing Calculations in Chemistry---Unit Analysis	52	(5)
Rearranging Equations---Algebraic Manipulations with Density	57	(3)
Quantifying Energy	60	(17)
The Evolution of Atomic Theory	77	(44)
Dalton's Atomic Theory	77	(5)
Development of a Model for Atomic Structure	82	(1)
The Nucleus	83	(4)
The Structure of the Atom	87	(6)
The Law of Mendeleev---Chemical Periodicity	93	(5)
The Modern Periodic Table	98	(6)
Other Regular Variations in the Properties of Elements	104	(17)
The Modern Model of the Atom	121	(44)
Seeing the Light---A New Model of the Atom	121	(4)
A New Kind of Physics---Energy Is Quantized	125	(1)
The Bohr Theory of Atomic Structure	126	(3)
Periodicity and Line Spectra Explained	129	(7)
Subshells and Electron Configuration	136	(8)
Compound Formation and the Octet Rule	144	(5)
Atomic Size Revisited	149	(1)
The Modern Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom	150	(15)
Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature	165	(46)
Molecules---What Are They? Why Are They?	165	(1)
Holding Molecules Together---The Covalent Bond	166	(6)
Molecules, Dot Structures, and the Octet Rule	172	(6)
Multiple Bonds	178	(5)
Ionic Bonding---Bring on the Metals	183	(2)
Equal Versus Unequal Sharing of Electrons---Electronegativity and the Polar Covalent Bond	185	(4)
Nomenclature---Naming Chemical Compounds	189	(22)
The Shape of Molecules	211	(32)
Why Is the Shape of a Molecule Important?	211	(2)
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory	213	(9)
Polarity of Molecules, or When Does 2 + 2 Not Equal 4?	222	(8)
Intermolecular Forces---Dipolar Interactions	230	(13)
Chemical Reactions	243	(30)
What Is a Chemical Reaction?	243	(1)
How Are Reactants Transformed into Products?	244	(3)
Balancing Chemical Equations	247	(4)
Types of Reactions	251	(2)
Solubility and Precipitation Reactions	253	(7)
Introduction to Acid--Base Reactions	260	(13)
Stoichiometry and the Mole	273	(50)
Stoichiometry---What Is It?	273	(3)
The Mole	276	(9)
Reaction Stoichiometry	285	(6)
Dealing with a Limiting Reactant	291	(6)
Combustion Analysis	297	(8)
Going Back and Forth Between Formulas and Percent Composition	305	(18)
The Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another in a Chemical Reaction	323	(46)
What Is Electricity?	323	(1)
Electron Bookkeeping---Oxidation States	324	(12)
Recognizing Electron-Transfer Reactions	336	(5)
Electricity from Redox Reactions	341	(7)
Which Way Do Electrons Flow?---The EMF Series	348	(5)
Another Look at Oxidation: The Corrosion of Metals	353	(16)
Intermolecular Forces and the Phases of Matter	369	(30)
Why Does Matter Exist in Different Phases?	369	(6)
Intermolecular Forces	375	(4)
A Closer Look at Dipole Forces---Hydrogen-Bonding	379	(4)
Vancomycin---The Antibiotic of Last Resort and Its Life-Saving Hydrogen Bonds!	383	(4)
Nonmolecular Substances	387	(12)
What if There Were No Intermolecular Forces? The Ideal Gas	399	(34)
Describing the Gas Phase---P, V, n, and T	399	(7)
Describing a Gas Mathematically---The Ideal Gas Law	406	(7)
Getting the Most from the Ideal Gas Law	413	(20)
Solutions	433	(66)
What Is a Solution?	433	(3)
Energy and the Formation of Solutions	436	(8)
Entropy and the Formation of Solutions	444	(3)
Solubility, Temperature, and Pressure	447	(3)
Getting Unlikes to Dissolve---Soaps and Detergents	450	(2)
Molarity	452	(10)
Percent Composition	462	(3)
Reactions in Solution	465	(8)
Colligative Properties of Solutions	473	(26)
When Reactants Turn into Products	499	(48)
Chemical Kinetics	499	(3)
Energy Changes and Chemical Reactions	502	(9)
Reaction Rates and Activation Energy---Getting over the Hill	511	(9)
How Concentration Affects Reaction Rate	520	(5)
Reaction Order	525	(4)
Why Reaction Orders Have the Values They Do---Mechanisms	529	(18)
Chemical Equilibrium	547	(44)
Dynamic Equilibrium---My Reaction Seems To Have Stopped!	547	(6)
Why Do Chemical Reactions Reach Equilibrium?	553	(4)
The Position of Equilibrium---The Equilibrium Constant, Keq	557	(6)
Disturbing a Reaction Already at Equilibrium---Le Chatelier's Principle	563	(4)
How Equilibrium Responds to Temperature Changes	567	(3)
Equilibria for Heterogeneous Reactions, Solubility, and Equilibrium Calculations	570	(21)
Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases	591	(56)
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes	591	(7)
Electrolytes Weak and Strong	598	(2)
Acids Weak and Strong	600	(4)
Bases---The Opposites of Acids	604	(4)
Help! I Need Another Definition of Acid and Base	608	(3)
Weak Bases	611	(3)
Is This Solution Acidic or Basic? Understanding Water, Autodissociation, and Kw	614	(6)
The pH Scale	620	(5)
Resisting pH Changes---Buffers	625	(22)
Nuclear Chemistry	647	(36)
The Case of the Missing Mass---Mass Defect and the Stability of the Nucleus	647	(5)
Half-Life and the Band of Stability	652	(3)
Spontaneous Nuclear Changes---Radioactivity	655	(11)
Using Radioactive Isotopes to Date Objects	666	(2)
Nuclear Energy---Fission and Fusion	668	(5)
Biological Effects and Medical Applications of Radioactivity	673	(10)
The Chemistry of Carbon	683	(44)
Carbon---A Unique Element	683	(4)
Naturally Occurring Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen---Hydrocarbons	687	(7)
Naming Hydrocarbons	694	(12)
Properties of Hydrocarbons	706	(1)
Functionalized Hydrocarbons---Bring On the Heteroatoms	707	(20)
Synthetic and Biological Polymers	727
Building Polymers	727	(1)
Polyethylene and Its Relatives	728	(3)
Nylon---A Polymer You Can Wear	731	(2)
Polysaccharides and Carbohydrates	733	(4)
Proteins	737	(4)
DNA---The Master Biopolymer	741
Glossary	1	(1)
Selected Answers	1	(1)
Index	1