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Charles H. Corwin has spent over 30 years teaching chemistry to over 12,000 students. He has taught general chemistry, organic chemistry, and quantitative analysis, but has focused primarily on introductory chemistry for the personal rewards it offers.
Corwin was awarded his degrees from San Jose State University, where he was a member of Tau Delta Phi honor society. Early in his career, he was awarded a National Science Foundation grant to study instructional innovations at Grand Valley State University. Currently, he is a professor of chemistry at American River College, where he was recognized as Teacher of the Year in 1994. He is also the recipient of an Alumni Teaching award from Purdue University.
1 Introduction to Chemistry 2
1.1 Evolution of Chemistry 3
1.2 Modern Chemistry 5
Chemistry Connection “Worth Your Salt?” 6
1.3 Learning Chemistry 7
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION A Student Success Story
Summary 9 • Key Terms 9 • Exercises 10
Chapter Self-Test 11
Prerequisite Science Skills 12
PSS.1 Measurements
PSS.2 Significant Digits
PSS.3 Rounding Off Nonsignificant Digits
PSS.4 Adding and Subtracting Measurements
PSS.5 Multiplying and Dividing Measurements
PSS.6 Exponential Numbers
PSS.7 Scientific Notation
2 The Metric System 40
2.1 Basic Units and Symbols
critical Thinking The International System of Measurement (SI)
2.2 Metric Conversion Factors
2.3 Metric–Metric Conversions
2.4 Metric–English Conversions
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Olympics
critical Thinking World Trade Center
2.5 The Percent Concept
2.6 Volume by Calculation
2.7 Volume by Displacement
2.8 The Density Concept
2.9 Temperature
2.10 The Heat Concept
Summary 68 • Problem-Solving Organizer 68
Key Terms 69 • Exercises 70
Chapter Self-Test 73
3 Matter and Energy 74
3.1 Physical States of Matter 75
3.2 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 77
3.3 Names and Symbols of the Elements 80
critical Thinking Aluminum or Aluminium? 82
3.4 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals 83
Chemistry Connection Elements 104 and Beyond 86
3.5 Compounds and Chemical Formulas 89
3.6 Physical and Chemical Properties 91
3.7 Physical and Chemical Changes 94
3.8 Conservation of Mass 96
3.9 Potential and Kinetic Energy 97
3.10 Conservation of Energy 99
Chemistry Connection Recycling Aluminum 101
Summary 102 • Key Terms 103 • Exercises 104
Chapter Self-Test 107
4 Models of the Atom 110
4.1 Dalton Model of the Atom 111
Chemistry Connection John Dalton 111
4.2 Thomson Model of the Atom 112
4.3 Rutherford Model of the Atom 112
4.4 Atomic Notation 115
4.5 Atomic Mass 118
Chemistry Connection Heavy Water 121
4.6 The Wave Nature of Light 121
4.7 The Quantum Concept 123
4.8 Bohr Model of the Atom 124
critical Thinking Neon Lights 128
4.9 Energy Levels and Sublevels 129
4.10 Electron Configuration 130
4.11 Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 132
Summary 135 • Key Terms 136 • Exercises 136
Chapter Self-Test 140
5 The Periodic Table 142
5.1 Classification of Elements 143
Chemistry Connection Dmitri Mendeleev 144
5.2 The Periodic Law Concept 145
5.3 Groups and Periods of Elements 146
critical ThinkingIUPAC Group Numbers 148
5.4 Periodic Trends 149
5.5 Properties of Elements 151
5.6 Blocks of Elements 153
5.7 Valence Electrons 155
5.8 Electron Dot Formulas 157
5.9 Ionization Energy 158
5.10 Ionic Charges 160
Chemistry Connection Evolution of Chemical Elements 162
Summary 163 • Key Terms 164 • Exercises 165
Chapter Self-Test 169
6 Language of Chemistry 170
6.1 Classification of Compounds 171
Chemistry Connection Antoine and Marie Lavoisier 174
6.2 Monoatomic Ions 174
6.3 Polyatomic Ions 177
6.4 Writing Chemical Formulas 179
critical Thinking Nutritional Potassium 181
6.5 Binary Ionic Compounds 182
6.6 Ternary Ionic Compounds 184
6.7 Binary Molecular Compounds 186
6.8 Binary Acids 188
6.9 Ternary Oxyacids 189
Chemistry Connection IUPAC Nomenclature 189
Summary 190 • Nomenclature Organizer 191
Key Terms 192 • Exercises 192
7 Chemical Reactions 198
Chemistry Connection Fireworks 199
7.1 Evidence for Chemical Reactions 200
7.2 Writing Chemical Equations 201
7.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 202
7.4 Classifying Chemical Reactions 207
7.5 Combination Reactions 208
7.6 Decomposition Reactions 211
7.7 The Activity Series Concept 214
7.8 Single-Replacement Reactions 217
7.9 Solubility Rules 219
7.10 Double-Replacement Reactions 220
7.11 Neutralization Reactions 221
critical Thinking Household Chemicals 223
Summary 224 • Key Terms 225 • Exercises 226
Chapter Self-Test 230
8 The Mole Concept 232
8.1 Avogadro’s Number 233
Chemistry Connection Analogies for Avogadro’s Number 233
8.2 Mole Calculations I 234
8.3 Molar Mass 237
8.4 Mole Calculations II 238
8.5 Molar Volume 241
8.6 Mole Calculations III 244
8.7 Percent Composition 246
8.8 Empirical Formula 248
8.9 Molecular Formula 250
critical Thinking Avogadro’s Number 252
Summary 252 • Problem–Solving Organizer 254
Key Terms 255 • Exercises 255
Chapter Self-Test 258
9 Chemical Equation Calculations 260
9.1 Interpreting a Chemical Equation 261
9.2 Mole–Mole Relationships 263
critical Thinking Iron versus Steel 265
9.3 Types of Stoichiometry Problems 265
9.4 Mass–Mass Problems 266
9.5 Mass–Volume Problems 269
9.6 Volume–Volume Problems 272
Chemistry Connection Manufacturing Ammonia 274
9.7 Limiting Reactant Concept 275
9.8 Limiting Reactant Problems 277
9.9 Percent Yield 281
Summary 282 • Problem-Solving Organizer 283
Key Terms 284 • Exercises 284
Chapter Self-Test 288
10 Gases 290
10.1 Properties of Gases 291
10.2 Atmospheric Pressure 291
Chemistry Connection The Greenhouse Effect 292
10.3 Variables Affecting Gas Pressure 294
10.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure–Volume Relationships 296
Chemistry Connection Robert Boyle 299
10.5 Charles’s Law: Volume–Temperature Relationships 299
10.6 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure–Temperature Relationships 302
10.7 Combined Gas Law 304
10.8 The Vapor Pressure Concept 306
10.9 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 307
10.10 Ideal Gas Behavior 310
10.11 Ideal Gas Law 312
critical Thinking Conceptualizing Gases 313
Summary 314 • Problem–Solving Organizer 315
Key Terms 316 • Exercises 317
Chapter Self-Test 320
11 Liquids and Solids 354
11.1 Properties of Liquids 355
11.2 The Intermolecular Bond Concept 355
11.3 Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point, Viscosity, and Surface Tension 357
11.4 Properties of Solid s 362
11.5 Crystalline Solids 362
11.6 Changes of Physical State 364
11.7 Structure of Water 367
Chemistry Connection Water Purification 368
11.8 Physical Properties of Water 369
11.9 Chemical Properties of Water 371
11.10 Hydrates 372
critical Thinking Bottled Water 376
Summary 376 • Key Terms 377 • Exercises 378
Chapter Self-Test 382
12 Chemical Bonding 322
12.1 The Chemical Bond Concept 323
12.2 Ionic Bonds 324
12.3 Covalent Bonds 328
12.4 Electron Dot Formulas of Molecules 330
12.5 Electron Dot Formulas of Polyatomic Ions 335
12.6 Polar Covalent Bonds 338
Chemistry Connection Linus Pauling 340
12.7 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds 341
12.8 Coordinate Covalent Bonds 342
12.9 Hydrogen Bonds 343
12.10 Shapes of Molecules 344
critical Thinking Diamond versus Graphite 347
Summary 347 • Key Terms 348 • Exercises 349
Chapter Self-Test 352
13 Solutions 384
13.1 Gases in Solution 385
13.2 Liquids in Solution 387
13.3 Solids in Solution 389
Chemistry Connection Colloids 390
13.4 The Dissolving Process 391
13.5 Rate of Dissolving 392
13.6 Solubility and Temperature 393
13.7 Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions 394
13.8 Mass/Mass Percent Concentration 397
13.9 Molar Concentration 399
critical Thinking Water Fluoridation 401
13.10 Dilution of a Solution 402
13.11 Solution Stoichiometry 403
Summary 404 • Problem–Solving Organizer 405
Key Terms 406 • Exercises 406
Chapter Self-Test 410
14 Acids and Bases 412
14.1 Properties of Acids and Bases 413
14.2 Arrhenius Acids and Bases 415
Chemistry Connection Svante Arrhenius 418
14.3 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 419
14.4 Acid–Base Indicators 419
14.5 Acid–Base Titrations 421
14.6 Acid–Base Standardization 424
14.7 Ionization of Water 426
14.8 The pH Concept 428
14.9 Advanced pH Calculations 430
critical Thinking Acid Rain 432
14.10 Strong and Weak Electrolytes 433
14.11 Net Ionic Equations 436
Summary 439 • Problem–Solving Organizer 440
Key Terms 441 • Exercises 441
Chapter Self-Test 445
15 Advanced Problem Solving
15.1 Advanced Problem-Solving Strategies
15.2 Concept Maps – Mole Relationships
15.3 Concept Maps – Stoichiometry
15.4 Multiple-Reaction Stoichiometry
critical Thinking Nanotechnology
15.5 Advanced Problem-Solving Examples
Summary • Key Terms • Exercises
Online Exercises • Chapter Self-Test
16 Chemical Equilibrium 448
16.1 Collision Theory 449
16.2 Energy Profiles of Chemical Reactions 451
16.3 The Chemical Equilibrium Concept 455
Chemistry Connection The Ozone Hole 457
16.4 General Equilibrium Constant, K eq 458
16.5 Equilibria Shifts for Gases 462
16.6 Ionization Equilibrium Constant, K i 465
16.7 Equilibria Shifts for Weak Acids and Bases 467
16.8 Solubility Product Equilibrium Constant, K sp 469
16.9 Equilibria Shifts for Slightly Soluble Compounds 471
Summary 472 • Key Terms 473 • Exercises 474
Chapter Self-Test 477
17 Oxidation and Reduction 480
17.1 Oxidation Numbers 482
17.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 487
17.3 Balancing Redox Equations: Oxidation Number Method 490
17.4 Balancing Redox Equations: Half-Reaction Method 494
17.5 Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions 497
17.6 Voltaic Cells 500
17.7 Electrolytic Cells 503
Chemistry Connection Hybrid Vehicles 505
Summary 505 • Key Terms 506 • Exercises 506
Chapter Self-Test 510
18 Nuclear Chemistry 512
18.1 Natural Radioactivity 513
18.2 Nuclear Equations 514
18.3 Radioactive Decay Series 518
18.4 Radioactive Half-Life 519
18.5 Applications of Radionuclides 521
critical Thinking Nuclear Medicine 522
18.6 Induced Radioactivity 523
18.7 Nuclear Fission 525
Chemistry Connection Nuclear Power Plant 528
18.8 Nuclear Fusion 528
Summary 530 • Key Terms 530 • Exercises 531
Chapter Self-Test 534
19 Organic Chemistry 536
19.1 Hydrocarbons 537
19.2 Alkanes 538
19.3 Alkenes and Alkynes 543
19.4 Arenes 547
19.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 548
19.6 Organic Halides 550
19.7 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 552
19.8 Amines 554
19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones 555
19.10 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides 557
Chemistry Connection Forensic Chemistry 560
Summary 561 • Key Terms 562 • Exercises 563
Chapter Self-Test 566
20 Biochemistry 568
20.1 Biological Compounds 569
20.2 Proteins 571
20.3 Enzymes 576
20.4 Carbohydrates 578
20.5 Lipids 581
critical Thinking Vitamins 585
20.6 Nucleic Acids 586
critical Thinking Left- and Right-Handed Molecules 589
Summary 590 • Key Terms 591 • Exercises 591
Chapter Self-Test 594
Appendices
A Weights and Measures 597
B Physical Constants 598
C Activity Series for Metals 599
D Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds 600
E Vapor Pressure of Water 601
F Properties of Water 602
G Answers to Concept Exercises 603
H Answers to Key Term Exercises 608
I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 610
J Answers to Chapter Self-Tests 627
Glossary 633
Photo Credits 643
Index 645
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