Introductory Geotechnical Engineering: An Environmental Perspective

by Fang; Hsai-Yang

• ISBN13: 9780415304023
• ISBN10: 0415304024
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-06-23
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The environmental effect on the behaviour of the soil-water system is difficult to explain using classical mechanical concepts alone. This book integrates and blends traditional theory with particle-energy-field theory in order to provide a framework for the analysis of soil behaviour under varied environmental conditions.Rock mechanics, soil mechanics and hydrogeology are all covered, with an emphasis on environmental factors. Soil properties and classifications are included, as well as issues relating to contaminated land. Both SI and Imperial units are used, and an accompanying website provides example problems and solutions.This book explains the why and how of geotechnical engineering in an environmental context. Students of civil, geotechnical and environmental engineering, and practitioners unfamiliar with the particle-energy-field concept, will find the book's novel approach helps to clarify the complex theory behind geotechnics.

Author Biography

John L. Daniels is Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering and Fellow at the Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Hsai-Yang Fang is Professor Emeritus at Lehigh University and a Distinguished Fellow at the Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

Table of Contents

List of figures	xiv
List of tables	xxii
Preface	xxv
Note to instructors	xxviii
Introduction to geotechnical engineering	1	(26)
Introduction	1	(1)
Need to study geotechnical engineering from an environmental perspective	2	(1)
Environmental geotechnology and geoenvironmental engineering	3	(1)
The particle-energy-field theory	4	(4)
Particle energy field and environment	8	(3)
Particle behavior under load	11	(1)
Particle behavior in multimedia energy fields	12	(2)
Justification and application of the particle-energy-field theory	14	(4)
Soil testing	18	(6)
Data collection and presentation	24	(1)
Summary	25	(2)
Problems	26	(1)
Nature of soil and rock	27	(32)
Introduction	27	(1)
Rocks and their classification	27	(2)
Soil as a natural system	29	(1)
Soil texture, strata, profile, and horizon	30	(4)
Soil consistency and indices	34	(4)
Classification systems of soil	38	(10)
Chemical composition of natural soils	48	(1)
Characteristics of granular soils	49	(1)
Silica-sesquioxide ratio (SSR) of soil-water system	50	(1)
Identification and characterization of contaminated soils	51	(4)
Some special types of soil and problematic soils	55	(3)
Summary	58	(1)
Problems	58	(1)
Soils and clay minerals	59	(30)
Introduction	59	(1)
Air-water-solid relationships	59	(6)
Geometric relationships of granular soil systems	65	(5)
Packings of particles and their primary structure	70	(2)
Mechanical behavior of granular systems	72	(3)
Cohesive soil systems	75	(3)
Fundamentals of clay mineralogy	78	(3)
Clay-water-electrolyte system	81	(1)
Clay minerals	82	(2)
Homoionic, pure, and man-made soils	84	(3)
Summary	87	(2)
Problems	87	(2)
Soil-water interaction in the environment	89	(27)
Introduction	89	(1)
Mechanisms and reactions of soil-water interaction	90	(1)
Structures and properties of water and water substances	91	(2)
Shrinkage, swelling, and heat of wetting of soils	93	(6)
Water intake ability and sorption	99	(4)
Adsorption phenomena	103	(1)
Ion exchange capacity and ion exchange reactions	104	(2)
Osmotic and reversed osmotic phenomena	106	(1)
Soil-water-air interaction in the environment	107	(1)
Sensitivity of soil to environment	108	(3)
Geomorphic process (aging process) of soil	111	(2)
Bacterial attack and corrosion process	113	(1)
Summary	114	(2)
Problems	114	(2)
Hydraulic conduction phenomena	116	(38)
Introduction	116	(1)
Infiltration, percolation, and retention	116	(2)
Capillarity phenomena	118	(3)
Hydraulic conductivity	121	(7)
Stress, pressure, and energy of soil-water system	128	(5)
Field pumping test	133	(3)
Drainage and dewatering systems	136	(4)
Seepage flow, flow net, and free water surface	140	(3)
Protective filters	143	(3)
Creeping flow and mass transport phenomena	146	(2)
Soil-water suction and diffusivity	148	(2)
Diffusion and migration	150	(2)
Summary	152	(2)
Problems	152	(2)
Thermal and electrical properties of soils	154	(37)
Introduction	154	(1)
Measurable parameters of heat	155	(1)
Heat transfer process and soil--heat interaction	156	(2)
Thermal conductivity and resistivity	158	(6)
Effect of heat on engineering properties of soils	164	(3)
Effect of heat on performance of soil-foundation system	167	(3)
Freezing-thawing behavior of soil	170	(5)
Electrical properties of soil	175	(2)
Electrical behavior of soil-water system	177	(2)
Dielectric constant (D)	179	(3)
Electrical conductivity and resistivity of soil	182	(2)
Electrokinetic phenomena in soil-water system	184	(4)
Thermo-electromagnetic phenomena	188	(1)
Summary	189	(2)
Problems	189	(2)
Soil compaction (densification)	191	(28)
Introduction	191	(1)
Unit weight and moisture content relationship	191	(5)
Soil compaction theories and mechanisms	196	(2)
Characteristics of compacted soil	198	(3)
Factors affecting compacted soil	201	(4)
Field compaction	205	(2)
Field compaction controlling methods	207	(6)
Field deep compaction and mass compaction	213	(2)
Compaction by blasting techniques	215	(1)
Soil densification by an electrical process	216	(1)
Summary	216	(3)
Problems	217	(2)
Cracking-fracture-tensile behavior of soils	219	(31)
Introduction	219	(1)
Soil cracking mechanisms and types	220	(2)
Soil cracking patterns	222	(2)
Soil cracking-fracture interaction	224	(1)
Cracking--fracture characteristics of contaminated soils	225	(1)
Application of LEFM	226	(2)
Laboratory fracture load tests	228	(1)
Applications of cracking--fracture data	229	(2)
Tensile strength of soil	231	(7)
Tensile characteristics of compacted soil	238	(7)
Environmental factors affecting tensile strength	245	(1)
Summary	246	(4)
Problems	249	(1)
Consolidation, stress distribution, and settlement	250	(32)
Introduction	250	(1)
Consolidation phenomena and mechanisms	251	(3)
Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory	254	(6)
Overconsolidated clays	260	(3)
Consolidation characteristics of contaminated soil deposits	263	(3)
Vertical stress and pressure distribution	266	(9)
Settlement analysis	275	(1)
Immediate settlement	276	(1)
Consolidation settlement	277	(1)
Settlement estimation under environmental conditions	278	(2)
Summary	280	(2)
Problems	280	(2)
Stress--strain--strength of soil	282	(39)
Introduction	282	(1)
Constitutive modeling of soils	282	(2)
Failure criteria	284	(3)
Prefailure characteristics of soils	287	(1)
Laboratory shear tests	287	(3)
Triaxial shear test	290	(3)
Unconfined compression test and undrained shear strength	293	(2)
Friction force and internal friction angle	295	(1)
Sensitivity, creep, thixotropy, and other shear phenomena of soils	296	(4)
Field shear strength tests	300	(4)
Shear characteristics of granular soils	304	(2)
Shear characteristics of normally and overconsolidated clays	306	(2)
Residual shear strength of clay	308	(5)
Genetic diagnosis approach for evaluation of shear strength of soil	313	(5)
Summary	318	(3)
Problems	319	(2)
Dynamic properties of soil	321	(31)
Introduction	321	(2)
Earthquake, earthquake loading, and measurements	323	(6)
Liquefaction phenomena and characteristics of granular soil	329	(2)
Liquefaction phenomena and characteristics for clay-like soil	331	(4)
Dynamic shear characteristics of contaminated fine-grained soil	335	(1)
Earthquake effects on structures and design considerations	336	(4)
Wind and rain dynamics	340	(1)
Wave and current dynamics	341	(2)
Dynamics of water surface current	343	(1)
Machine vibration	343	(3)
Other dynamic loadings	346	(1)
Measurement of the safe-limits under dynamic loading	347	(3)
Summary	350	(2)
Problems	351	(1)
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations	352	(35)
Introduction	352	(1)
Ground stability analysis	353	(3)
Loads and allowable loads	356	(1)
Factor of safety	357	(3)
Ultimate and allowable bearing capacity	360	(2)
Bearing capacity determination by limit equilibrium method	362	(4)
Bearing capacity for cohesive soils (clay)	366	(2)
Bearing capacity determination by limit analysis method	368	(1)
In situ measurements of bearing capacity of ground soil	369	(6)
Building codes and special soils and rocks	375	(2)
Inclined and eccentric loads	377	(3)
Effect of environmental conditions on bearing capacity	380	(5)
Techniques for improvement of weak bearing capacity ground soil	385	(1)
Summary	385	(2)
Problems	386	(1)
Lateral earth pressure	387	(32)
Introduction	387	(2)
Methods for analysis of lateral earth pressure	389	(1)
Coulomb earth pressure theory (Wedge theory)	389	(3)
Rankine earth pressure theory	392	(1)
Earth pressure for cohesive soil -- the modified Rankine theory	393	(3)
Culmann graphical procedures based on Coulomb theory	396	(1)
Lateral earth pressure determined by elasticity theory	396	(4)
Lateral earth pressure determined by semi-empirical method	400	(2)
Wall stability and lateral environmental pressures	402	(5)
Coefficient of earth pressure at rest (Ko) and other friction forces	407	(2)
In situ measurements of lateral earth pressures	409	(2)
Earth pressures around excavations and other special cases	411	(5)
Summary	416	(3)
Problems	418	(1)
Earth slope stability and landslides	419	(31)
Introduction	419	(1)
Factors affecting slope instability	419	(1)
Slope failure phenomena and mechanisms	420	(2)
Slope stability analysis methods	422	(2)
Culmann method -- straight line failure plane	424	(2)
Limit equilibrium method -- circular arc failure surface	426	(9)
Infinite earth slopes	435	(3)
Earthquake loading effects -- limit equilibrium solutions	438	(1)
Slope stability problems solved by limit analysis methods	439	(2)
Environmental effects on slope failures and landslides	441	(5)
Mudflow and debris flow	446	(2)
Prevention, control, and remedial action on landslides	448	(1)
Summary	449	(1)
Problems	449	(1)
Fundamentals of ground improvement systems	450	(35)
Introduction	450	(1)
Load factor and environmental-load factor design criteria	451	(2)
Structure-soil and soil-structure interactions	453	(2)
Ground instability causes, failure modes, and classifications	455	(3)
Ground improvement techniques	458	(1)
Ground improvement structural systems	459	(1)
Geosynthetics	460	(3)
Sheet piling and other types of walls	463	(2)
Reinforced earth systems	465	(1)
Geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) systems	466	(2)
Anchors, nailing, and pins	468	(1)
Pile foundations	469	(13)
Drilled caissons, piers, pressure injection footings, and others	482	(2)
Summary	484	(1)
Problems	484	(1)
Problems in environmental geotechnology	485	(33)
Introduction	485	(1)
Wetlands and flood plain	485	(1)
Coastal margins and marine deposits	486	(3)
Saltwater intrusion, estuaries, and greenhouse effects	489	(3)
Soil erosion	492	(2)
Ground surface subsidence	494	(3)
Arid land and desert region	497	(4)
Dredging technology and reclaimed land	501	(1)
Municipal solid wastes and landfill technology	501	(4)
Hazardous and radioactive waste	505	(3)
Radon gas	508	(3)
Waste control facilities (containment systems)	511	(3)
Environmental geotechnology perspective	514	(2)
Summary	516	(2)
Problems	516	(2)
References	518	(21)
Index	539