Invasive Species

Summary

Recent years have seen a steep rise in invasions of non-native species in virtually all major ecoregions on Earth. Along with this rise has come a realization that a rigorous scientific understanding of why, how, when, and where species are transported is the necessary foundation for managing biological invasions.Invasive Speciespresents extensive information and new analyses on mechanisms of species transfer, or vectors, as the latest contribution from the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP). Contributors assess invasion vectors and vector management in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems for major taxonomic groups in a variety of regions around the world. The book: examines invasion causes, routes, and vectors in space and time highlights current approaches and challenges to preventing new invasions, both from a geographic and taxonomic point of view explores strategies, benefits, and limitations of risk assessment offers a synthesis of many facets of vector science and management presents recommendations for action Chapter authors review fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, with geographic assessments covering New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and the United States. Although the full extent and cumulative impact of nonnative species can only be approximated, biological invasions are clearly a potent force of global change, contributing to a wide range of deleterious effects including disease outbreaks, habitat alteration and loss, declines of native species, increased frequency of fires, and shifts in nutrient cycling. Vectors are the delivery mechanisms, resulting in recent increases in rates of new invasions. Invasive Speciesbrings together in a single volume new information from leading scientists around the world on approaches to controlling and managing invasion vectors. This volume is a timely and essential reference for scientists, researchers, policymakers, and anyone concerned with understanding biological invasions and developing effective responses to them.

Preface

PART I. INVASION CAUSES, ROUTES, AND VECTORS: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN TERRESTRIAL, FRESHWATER, AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

1. Global Plant Dispersal, Naturalization, and Invasion: Pathways, Modes, and Circumstances

(28)

Richard N. Mack

2. Invasion Pathways of Terrestrial Plant-Inhabiting Fungi

(13)

Mary E. Palm and Amy Y. Rossman

3. Exotic Insects and Their Pathways for Invasion

(24)

Keizi Kiritani and Kohji Yamamura

4. Invasion Pathways for Terrestrial Vertebrates

(25)

Fred Kraus

5. Pathways of Introduction of Nonindigenous Land and Freshwater Snails and Slugs

(30)

Robert H. Cowie and David G. Robinson

6. Freshwater Aquatic Vertebrate Introductions in the United States: Patterns and Pathways

123

(29)

Pam L. Fuller

7. In Ships or on Ships? Mechanisms of Transfer and Invasion for Nonnative Species to the Coasts of North America

152

(31)

Paul W. Fofonoff, Gregory M. Ruiz, Brian Steves, and James T. Carlton

8. Pathways of Biological Invasions of Marine Plants

183

(44)

Maria Antonia Ribera Siguan

9. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Transoceanic Shipping Vectors to the Great Lakes

227

Robert I. Colauto, Arthur J. Niimi, Colin D.A. van Overdijk, Edward L. Mills, Kristen Holeck, and Hugh J. Maclsaac

PART II. INVASION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY

10. An Australian Perspective on the Management of Pathways for Invasive Species

249

(21)

Paul Pheloung

11. Invasive Species Management in New Zealand

270

(22)

Barbara J. Hayden and Carolyn F. Whyte

12. Vectors and Pathways of Biological Invasions in South Africa Past, Present, and Future

292

(58)

David M. Richardson, James A. Cambray, R. Arthur Chapman, W. Richard J. Dean, Charles L. Griffiths, David C. Le Maitre, David J. Newton, and Terry J. Winstanley

13. Mitigating Introduction of Invasive Plant Pests in the United States

350

(12)

Joseph F. Cavey

14. Environmental Diplomacy and the Global Movement of Invasive Alien Species: A U.S. Perspective

362

(20)

Jamie K. Reaser, Brooks B.Yeager, Paul R. Phifer, Alicia K. Hancock, and Alexis T. Gutierrez

15. Biosecurity and the Role of Risk Assessment

382

(33)

Keith R. Hayes

16. Generic Nonindigenous Aquatic Organisms Risk Analysis Review Process

415

(24)

Richard Orr

17. Pathways-Based Risk Assessment of Exotic Species Invasions

439

(20)

David A. Andow

PART III. CONCLUSION

18. Invasion Vectors: A Conceptual Framework for Management

459

(46)

Gregory M. Ruiz and James T. Carlton

Contributing Authors

505

(4)

Index

509

Supplemental Materials

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