Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging with MATLAB Algorithms

by Ozdemir, Caner

• ISBN13: 9780470284841
• ISBN10: 0470284846
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-03-13
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

This book#xA0;provides a full representation of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imagery, which is a popular and#xA0; important radar signal processing tool. The book covers all possible aspects of ISAR imaging.#xA0;The book offers a#xA0;fair amount of signal processing techniques and radar basics before introducing the#xA0;inverse problem of ISAR and #xA0;the forward problem of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Important concepts of SAR such as resolution, pulse compression and image formation are given together with associated MATLAB codes. After providing the fundamentals for ISAR imaging, the book gives the detailed imaging procedures for ISAR imaging with associated MATLAB functions and codes. To enhance the image quality in ISAR imaging, several imaging tricks and fine-tuning procedures such as zero-padding and windowing are also presented.#xA0;Finally, various real applications of ISAR imagery, like imaging the antenna-platform scattering, are given in a separate chapter. For all these algorithms, MATLAB codes and#xA0;figures are included. The final chapter considers advanced concepts and trends in ISAR imaging.#xA0;

Author Biography

Caner zdemir, PhD, is Professor of the Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering at Mersin University and Dean of Faculty of Engineering at Zirve University. Professor zdemir has performed extensive research in synthetic aperture radar imaging and has developed many novel methods used in inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Basics of Fourier Analysis	p. 1
Forward and Inverse Fourier Transform	p. 1
Brief History of FT	p. 1
Forward FT Operation	p. 2
IFT	p. 2
FT Rules and Pairs	p. 3
Linearity	p. 3
Time Shifting	p. 3
Frequency Shifting	p. 4
Scaling	p. 4
Duality	p. 4
Time Reversal	p. 4
Conjugation	p. 4
Multiplication	p. 4
Convolution	p. 5
Modulation	p. 5
Derivation and Integration	p. 5
Parseval's Relationship	p. 5
Time-Frequency Representation of a Signal	p. 5
Signal in the Time Domain	p. 6
Signal in the Frequency Domain	p. 6
Signal in the (JTF) Plane	p. 7
Convolution and Multiplication Using FT	p. 11
Filtering/Windowing	p. 11
Data Sampling	p. 14
DFT and FFT	p. 14
DFT	p. 14
FFT	p. 16
Bandwidth and Resolutions	p. 18
Aliasing	p. 19
Importance of FT in Radar Imaging	p. 19
Effect of Aliasing in Radar Imaging	p. 22
Matlab Codes	p. 26
References	p. 31
Radar Fundamentals	p. 33
Electromagnetic (EM) Scattering	p. 36
Scattering from PECs	p. 37
Radar Cross Section (RCS)	p. 38
Definition of RCS	p. 41
RCS of Simple Shaped Objects	p. 42
RCS of Complex Shaped Objects	p. 42
Radar Range Equation	p. 43
Bistatic Case	p. 48
Monostatic Case	p. 48
Range of Radar Detection	p. 50
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)	p. 51
Radar Waveforms	p. 51
CW	p. 54
FMCW	p. 57
SFCW	p. 60
Short Pulse	p. 60
Chirp (LFM) Pulse	p. 62
Pulsed Radar	p. 65
PRF	p. 65
Maximum Range and Range Ambiguity	p. 67
Doppler Frequency	p. 68
Matlab Codes	p. 72
References	p. 77
Synthetic Aperture Radar	p. 79
SAR Modes	p. 80
SAR System Design	p. 80
Resolutions in SAR	p. 83
SAR Image Formation: Range and Azimuth Compression	p. 85
Range Compression	p. 86
Matched Filter	p. 86
Ambiguity Function	p. 90
Pulse Compression	p. 96
Detailed Processing of Pulse Compression	p. 97
Bandwidth, Resolution, and Compression Issues	p. 100
Pulse Compression Example	p. 101
Azimuth Compression	p. 102
Processing in Azimuth	p. 102
Azimuth Resolution	p. 106
Relation to ISAR	p. 107
SAR Imaging	p. 108
Example of SAR Imagery	p. 108
Problems in SAR Imaging	p. 110
Range Migration	p. 110
Motion Errors	p. 111
Speckle Noise	p. 112
Advanced Topics in SAR	p. 112
SAR Interferometry	p. 112
SAR Polarimetry	p. 113
Matlab Codes	p. 114
References	p. 120
Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging and Its Basic Concepts	p. 121
SAR versus ISAR	p. 121
The Relation of Scattered Field to the Image Function in ISAR	p. 125
One-Dimensional (ID) Range Profile	p. 126
1D Cross-Range Profile	p. 131
2D ISAR Image Formation (Small Bandwidth, Small Angle)	p. 133
Range and Cross-Range Resolutions	p. 139
Range and Cross-Range Extends	p. 140
Imaging Multi-Bounces in ISAR	p. 140
Sample Design Procedure for ISAR	p. 144
2D ISAR Image Formation (Wide Bandwidth, Large Angles)	p. I52
Direct Integration	p. I54
Polar Reformatting	p. I58
3D ISAR Image Formation	p. 159
Range and Cross-Range Resolutions	p. 165
A Design Example	p. 165
Matlab Codes	p. 169
References	p. 185
Imaging Issues in Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar	p. 187
Fourier-Related Issues	p. 187
DFT Revisited	p. 188
Positive and Negative Frequencies in DFT	p. 191
Image Aliasing	p. I94
Polar Reformatting Revisited	p. 196
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation	p. 196
Bilinear Interpolation	p. 198
Zero Padding	p. 200
Point Spread Function (PSF)	p. 202
Windowing	p. 205
Common Windowing Functions	p. 205
ISAR Image Smoothing via Windowing	p. 212
Matlab Codes	p. 213
References	p. 229
Range-Doppler Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing	p. 231
Scenarios for ISAR	p. 232
Imaging Aerial Targets via Ground-Based Radar	p. 232
Imaging Ground/Sea Targets via Aerial Radar	p. 234
ISAR Waveforms for Range-Doppler Processing	p. 237
Chirp Pulse Train	p. 238
Stepped Frequency Pulse Train	p. 239
Doppler Shift's Relation to Cross Range	p. 241
Doppler Frequency Shift Resolution	p. 242
Resolving Doppler Shift and Cross Range	p. 243
Forming the Range-Doppler Image	p. 244
ISAR Receiver	p. 245
ISAR Receiver for Chirp Pulse Radar	p. 245
ISAR Receiver for SFCW Radar	p. 246
Quadradure Detection	p. 247
I-Channel Processing	p. 248
Q-Channel Processing	p. 249
Range Alignment	p. 250
Defining the Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging Parameters	p. 252
Image Frame Dimension (Image Extends)	p. 252
Range-Cross-Range Resolution	p. 253
Frequency Bandwidth and the Center Frequency	p. 253
Doppler Frequency Bandwidth	p. 254
PRF	p. 254
Coherent Integration (Dwell) Time	p. 255
Pulse Width	p. 256
Example of Chirp Pulse-Based Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging	p. 256
Example of SFCW-Based Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging	p. 262
Matlab Codes	p. 264
References	p. 270
Scattering Center Representation of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar	p. 271
Scattering/Radiation Center Model	p. 272
Extraction of Scattering Centers	p. 274
Image Domain Formulation	p. 274
Fourier Domain Formulationv	p. 283
Matlab Codes	p. 287
References	p. 297
Motion Compensation for Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar	p. 299
Doppler Effect Due to Target Motion	p. 300
Standard MOCOMP Procedures	p. 302
Translational MOCOMP	p. 303
Rotational MOCOMP	p. 304
Popular MOCOMP Techniques in ISAR	p. 306
Cross-Correlation Method	p. 306
Minimum Entropy Method	p. 311
JTF-Based MOCOMP	p. 316
Algorithm for JTF-Based Translational and Rotational MOCOMP	p. 321
Matlab Codes	p. 328
References	p. 342
Some Imaging Applications Based on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar	p. 345
Imaging Antenna-Platform Scattering: ASAR	p. 346
The ASAR Imaging Algorithm	p. 347
Numerical Example for ASAR Imagery	p. 352
Imaging Platform Coupling between Antennas: ACSAR	p. 353
The ACSAR Imaging Algorithm	p. 356
Numerical Example for ACSAR	p. 358
Imaging Scattering from Subsurface Objects: GPR-SAR	p. 359
The GPR Problem	p. 362
Focused GPR Images Using SAR	p. 364
Applying ACSAR Concept to the GPR Problem	p. 369
References	p. 372
Appendix	p. 375
Index	p. 379
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