The majority of undergraduate texts in invertebrate zoology (of which there are many) fall into one of two categories. They either offer a systematic treatment of groups of animals phylum by phylum, or adopt a functional approach to the various anatomical and physiological systems of the better known species. The Invertebrates is the first and only textbook to integrate both approaches and thus meet the modern teaching needs of the subject. This is the only invertebrate textbook to integrate systematics and functional approaches. The molecular systematics sections have been completely updated for the new edition. Strong evolutionary theme which reflects the importance of molecular techniques throughout. Distills the essential characteristics of each invertebrate group and lists diagnostic features to allow comparisons between phyla. New phyla have been added for the new edition. Stresses comparisons in physiology, reproduction and development. Improved layout and illustration quality. Second edition has sold 14000 copies. Nature of the first edition: 'Students will like this book. It deserves to succeed.'

R. S. K. Barnes is the author of The Invertebrates: A Synthesis, 3rd Edition, published by Wiley. Peter P. Calow is the author of The Invertebrates: A Synthesis, 3rd Edition, published by Wiley.

Preface

vii

Part 1: Evolutionary Introduction

Introduction: Basic Approach and Principles

3

(6)

Why invertebrates?

3

(1)

Properties of living things

4

(2)

Origins of life

6

(1)

Levels of organismic organization

7

(1)

Prospects

7

(1)

Further reading

8

(1)

The Evolutionary History and Phylogeny of the Invertebrates

9

(30)

Introduction

9

(2)

The simplest animals

11

(5)

The bilaterally-symmetrical animals

16

(9)

Interrelationships of the superphyla

25

(1)

The origin, radiation and extinction of animal groups

26

(7)

Biodiversity

33

(1)

Further reading

34

(5)

Part 2: The Invertebrate Phyla

Parallel Approaches to Animal Multicellularity

39

(41)

The Protozoa

39

(7)

Superphylum PARAZOA (sponges)

46

(7)

Superphylum PHAGOCYTELLOZOA

53

(1)

Superphylum RADIATA

54

(11)

Superphylum MESOZOA

65

(3)

Superphylum BILATERIA

68

(10)

Further reading

78

(2)

The Worms

80

(38)

Phylum NEMERTEA (ribbon-or proboscis-worms)

81

(2)

Phylum GNATHOSTOMULA

83

(1)

Phylum GASTROTRICHA

84

(2)

Phylum NEMATODA

86

(4)

Phylum NEMATOMORPHA (horsehair worms)

90

(2)

Phylum KINORHYNCHA

92

(2)

Phylum LORICIFERA

94

(1)

Phylum PRIAPULA

95

(1)

Phylum ROTIFERA

96

(3)

Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA

99

(2)

Phylum SIPUNCULA

101

(1)

Phylum ECHIURA

102

(1)

Phylum POGONOPHORA

103

(2)

Phylum ANNELIDA

105

(1)

Worms of uncertain phylum

106

(11)

Further reading

117

(1)

The Molluscs

118

(16)

Phylum MOLLUSCA

118

(14)

Further reading

132

(2)

The Lophophorates

134

(12)

Phylum PHORONA

134

(2)

Phylum BRACHIOPODA (lamp-shells)

136

(1)

Phylum BRYOZOA

137

(5)

Phylum ENTOPROCTA

142

(1)

Phylum CYCLIOPHORA

143

(2)

Further reading

145

(1)

The Deuterostomes

146

(22)

Phylum CHAETOGNATHA (arrow-worms)

146

(1)

Phylum HEMICHORDATA

147

(4)

Phylum ECHINODERMATA

151

(8)

Phylum CHORDATA

159

(8)

Further reading

167

(1)

Invertebrates with Legs: the Arthropods and Similar Groups

168

(41)

Phylum TRADIGRADA (water bears)

169

(2)

Phylum PENTASTOMA (tongue-worms)

171

(1)

Phylum ONYCHOPHORA

172

(2)

Phylum CHELICERATA

174

(5)

Phylum UNIRAMIA

179

(12)

Phylum CRUSTACEA

191

(14)

Further reading

205

(4)

Part 3: Invertebrate Functional Biology

Feeding

209

(29)

Introduction: the evolution of animal modes of feeding

209

(8)

Types of animal feeding: patterns of acquisition and processing

217

(9)

Costs and benefits of feeding: optimal foraging

226

(10)

Conclusions

236

(1)

Further reading

236

(2)

Mechanics and Movement (Locomotion)

238

(34)

Introduction

238

(3)

The generation of forces by animal cells

241

(3)

Ciliary locomotion

244

(3)

Muscular activity and skeletal systems

247

(3)

Borrowing, creeping, crawling, walking and running: locomotion over and through a solid substrate

250

(9)

Swimming and flying

259

(11)

Conclusions

270

(1)

Further reading

270

(2)

Respiration

272

(17)

Central importance of ATP in respiration

272

(1)

Backbone of catabolism

272

(1)

Generating ATP without O2

272

(2)

Uptake of O2

274

(6)

Measuring metabolism

280

(2)

Factors influencing respiration

282

(5)

Conclusions

287

(1)

Further reading

287

(2)

Excertion, Ionic and Osmotic Regulation, and Buoyancy

289

(13)

Excretion

289

(1)

Osmotic and ionic regulation

290

(6)

Excretory systems

296

(4)

Conclusions

300

(1)

Further reading

300

(2)

Defence

302

(15)

Classification of threats

302

(1)

Defence

302

(13)

Conclusions

315

(1)

Further reading

315

(2)

Reproduction and Life Cycles

317

(47)

Introduction

317

(6)

The Significance of sexual and asexual reproduction

323

(15)

The organization of sexual reproduction and life histories reproductive traits and functions

338

(6)

The control of reproductive processes

344

(11)

Reproduction and resource allocation

355

(6)

Conclusions

361

(1)

Further reading

362

(2)

Development

364

(49)

Oogenesis: the storage of developmental information

365

(8)

Patterns of early development

373

(7)

Experimental embryology of invertebrates: the determination of cell fate

380

(9)

The developmental genetics of Drosophila melanogaster

389

(14)

Larval development and metamorphosis

403

(4)

Regeneration

407

(2)

Conclusion: invertebrate development and the genetic programme

409

(3)

Further reading

412

(1)

Control Systems

413

(51)

Potentials

414

(4)

Neurones and their connections

418

(4)

Organization of nervous systems

422

(8)

Receptors

430

(3)

Vision

433

(3)

Sensory processing

436

(5)

Spontaneity

441

(2)

Neural bases of behaviour

443

(4)

Organization of motor output

447

(3)

Chemical communication

450

(4)

Roles of endocrine systems

454

(6)

Applications

460

(3)

Conclusion

463

(1)

Further reading

463

(1)

Basic Principles Revisited

464

(7)

Basic physiological features of phenotypes

464

(1)

The primacy of replication and reproduction

465

(1)

Ontogeny

465

(2)

Ontogeny and phylogeny

467

(2)

Size and shape-scaling

469

(1)

Further reading

470

(1)

Glossary

471

(7)

Illustration Sources

478

(5)

Index

483

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