The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

by Belknap, Joanne

• ISBN13: 9780534542092
• ISBN10: 0534542093
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-11-02
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part One: Introduction. 1. The Emergence of Gender in Criminology. Part Two: Female Offending. 2. Critiquing Criminological Theories. 3. The Frequency and Nature of Female Offending. 4. Processing Women and Girls in the System. 5. Incarcerating, Punishing, and Treating Offending Women and Girls. Part Three: Female Victims Of Male Violence. 6. The Image of the Female Victim. 7. Sexual Victimization. 8. Woman Battering and Stalking. Part Four: Women Workers. 9. Working Women: Breaking the Barriers. 10. Working Women: On the Job. Part Five: Conclusions. 11. Effecting Change.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
I INTRODUCTION
The Emergence of Gender in Criminology	3	(30)
Invisibility of Women and Girls in Crime	4	(7)
Sex Versus Gender	11	(4)
What is Feminism?	15	(4)
What is Feminist Method?	19	(2)
Effect of Societal Images on Women in Crime	21	(3)
Diversity Among Women	24	(2)
Summary	26	(7)
II FEMALE OFFENDING
Critiquing Criminological Theories	33	(47)
The Traditional, Positivist Studies	35	(5)
Strain and Subcultural Theories	40	(3)
Differential Association Theory	43	(2)
Labeling Theory	45	(2)
Social Control Theory	47	(5)
Marxist/Radical Theories	52	(2)
Women's Liberation/Emancipation Hypothesis	54	(2)
Biosocial and Evolutionary Psychological Theories	56	(2)
Feminist and Pro-Feminist Theories	58	(13)
Summary	71	(9)
The Frequency and Nature of Female Offending	80	(45)
Description of Offending	81	(6)
The Importance of How Crime Rates Are Measured and the Roles of Gender, Age, Race, and Class	87	(2)
Female Offending in Context	89	(28)
Summary	117	(8)
Processing Women and Girls in the System	125	(30)
Criminal Laws and Sex Discrimination	126	(3)
Sentencing Laws and Sex Discrimination	129	(2)
Three Hypotheses of Sex Discrimination in Crime Processing	131	(1)
Chivalry and Paternalism	132	(1)
Empirical Findings on Gender Differences in Crime Processing	133	(16)
Summary	149	(6)
Incarcerating, Punishing, and ``Treating'' Offending Women and Girls	155	(50)
History of Institutionalizing Females	156	(7)
Women's Prisons Today	163	(3)
Rates of Imprisonment	166	(2)
Who Is in Women's Prisons and Delinquent Girls' Institutions?	168	(3)
Girls' ``Correctional'' Institutions	171	(2)
Psychological Aspects of Women's Imprisonment	173	(3)
Parenthood: A Gender Difference among Prisoners	176	(3)
Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs	179	(3)
Health Care Services	182	(4)
The Prison Subculture	186	(5)
Co-Corrections	191	(3)
Women and the Death Penalty	194	(1)
Summary	195	(10)
III FEMALE VICTIMS OF MALE VIOLENCE
The Image of the Female Victim	205	(22)
The Link between Actual Victimizations and the Fear of Crime	207	(3)
Effect of Culture on Gender Roles	210	(2)
Gender Disparities in Power	212	(1)
Threat of Violence	213	(2)
Victim Blaming	215	(3)
Victimization of Women and Girls of Color	218	(2)
The Victimization of Women and Girls with Disabilities	220	(1)
Summary	221	(6)
Sexual Victimization	227	(40)
Defining Sexual Victimization	227	(1)
Historical Issues in Defining Sexual Victimization	228	(2)
Statistics on Sexual Victimization	230	(2)
Who Are the Victims?	232	(1)
Who Are the Offenders?	233	(2)
The Victim-Offender Relationship	235	(1)
Child Sexual Victimization	235	(5)
Date Rape	240	(6)
Marital Rape	246	(3)
Sexual Harassment	249	(4)
Sexual Victimization and the Crime-Processing System	253	(5)
Summary	258	(9)
Woman Battering and Stalking	267	(52)
Defining Battering and Stalking	267	(3)
History of Identifying Battering as a Social Problem	270	(2)
The Frequency of Battering and Stalking	272	(4)
Walker's Cycle Theory of Violence	276	(1)
Why Do (Some) Men Batter?	277	(1)
Who Are the Batterers and Stalkers?	278	(3)
Inhibitors to Leaving a Violent Relationship	281	(8)
The Constant Threat of Danger	289	(2)
Woman Battering and the Crime-Processing System	291	(12)
Health Professionals	303	(2)
Summary	305	(14)
IV WOMEN WORKERS
Working Women: Breaking The Barriers	319	(37)
Movement from the Private to the Public Sphere	320	(7)
Movement Toward Gender Equality	327	(6)
Legal Implications	333	(6)
The History of Women's Entry into Decision-Making Positions in the Criminal-Processing System	339	(11)
Summary	350	(6)
Working Women: On the Job	356	(45)
Legal Pressure for Women's Employment in Crime Processing	357	(1)
The Current Rate of Women's Employment in the Criminal-Processing System	358	(4)
Women as Tokens in the Workplace	362	(4)
Women as Tokens in Crime-Processing Jobs since the 1970s	366	(2)
Institutionalized Sexism	368	(1)
Institutionalized Heterosexism	369	(1)
Gender Similarities and Differences in Job Performances	369	(2)
Organizational, Social, and Individual Resistance and Support Regarding Women's Work in Crime-Fighting Jobs	371	(13)
Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: A Roadblock for Women Guards in Male Prisons	384	(3)
Classifications of Women Employees in Male-Dominated Jobs	387	(4)
Summary	391	(10)
V CONCLUSIONS
Effecting Change	401	(26)
New Theories	401	(1)
Changing the Treatment of Female Offenders	402	(7)
Changing Responses to Male Violence Against Women	409	(7)
Changes for Women Crime-Processing Professionals	416	(3)
Summary	419	(8)
Name Index	427	(13)
Subject Index	440