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Umut Azak graduated in Political Science and International Relations at Bogazici University, Istanbul and after research at Sabanci University, Istanbul, completed her PhD at the University of Leiden. She has taught and researched at Sabanci University, the Centre for Non-Western Studies (CNWS) and the Department of Turkish Studies at the University of Leiden, in the Department of Arabic, Persian and Turkish Languages at the University of Utrecht and is a Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) at Leiden.
List of Illustrations | p. vii |
Acknowledgments | p. ix |
Preface | p. xi |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Reactionary Islam: The Menemen Incident (1930) | p. 21 |
The single-party regime, opposition and reactionaries | p. 23 |
Reactionary rebels: deeds and words | p. 25 |
Restoration of authority and the specter of irtica | p. 31 |
Mobilization for secularism and resistance | p. 38 |
Turkish Islam: The Reform of Turkish Ezan (1932–33) | p. 45 |
The pre-republican background of worship in Turkish | p. 46 |
Kemalism and reform in religion | p. 49 |
The birth of the Turkish ezan | p. 54 |
Resistance to the Turkish ezan | p. 58 |
Turkish Islam Contested: The Ezan Debate and Secularism (1950) | p. 61 |
Early debates on secularism | p. 62 |
Debate on the Turkish ezan (1947–50) | p. 68 |
The ending of the Turkish ezan in May 1950 | p. 73 |
Kemalist secularism versus alternative secularism | p. 76 |
Nostalgia for the Turkish ezan after 1950 | p. 82 |
Reactionary Islam as Violent Threat: The Malatya Incident (1952) | p. 85 |
İrtica: a contested concept | p. 86 |
Conservative nationalism and the Malatya Incident | p. 89 |
Civil Kemalism and the specter of irtica | p. 97 |
Disassociating the Democratic Party from irtica | p. 107 |
İrtica as a threat in everyday life | p. 111 |
Reactionary Islam as Creeping Threat: Said Nursî and his Disciples (1959–60) | p. 115 |
Said Nursî, the Nurcu movement and the DP in the 1950s | p. 116 |
The specter of irtica: December 1959–january 1960 | p. 122 |
Secularism for or against Said Nursî | p. 128 |
The Nurcu movement in the 1960s | p. 131 |
Turkish Islam Reappropriated: Alevism in Alliance with Kemalism (1966) | p. 139 |
Alevism in Turkey | p. 141 |
Alevis and the secular state in the 1950s and 1960s | p. 150 |
Alevism and Kemalist secularism in the 1960s | p. 154 |
A debate on Alevi-Sunni conflict in 1966 | p. 156 |
A magazine for Alevis: Cem | p. 162 |
Conclusion | p. 175 |
Notes | p. 179 |
Bibliography | p. 213 |
Index | p. 231 |
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