In Island Epidemics , the authors show that the complex warfare of invasion and extinction observed by Darwin for plants and animals applies with equal force to human diseases. A world picture is presented of diseases, which range from the familiar (influenza and German measles) to the exotic (kuru and tsutsugamushi), and islands which range in remoteness, from the accessible United Kingdom to the inaccessible Tristan da Cunha and Easter Island.

Andrew Cliff is Professor of Theoretical Geography at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Christ's College.

List of Figures and Plates

xiii

List of Tables

xix

Pattern of Islands

1

(40)

Introduction

1

(2)

The Nature of Islands

3

(17)

The Nature of Epidemics

20

(10)

The Nature of Island Data Sources

30

(9)

Organization of the Book

39

(2)

Islands as Laboratories

41

(44)

Introduction

42

(1)

Darwin and the Galapagos Islands

43

(8)

Panum and the Faroe Islands

51

(8)

Cumpston, Gregg, and Australian Island Epidemiology

59

(6)

MacArthur, Wilson, and Island Biogeography

65

(15)

The Geneticists' Approach to Islands

80

(3)

Conclusion

83

(2)

Island Populations: The Threshold Question

85

(34)

Introduction

85

(1)

Threshold Theory

86

(10)

Factors Affecting Critical Community Size: An Examination

96

(5)

Critical Community Size: Changes over Time

101

(10)

Conclusion

111

(8)

Island Populations: The Virgin Soil Question

119

(46)

Introduction

120

(3)

Epidemic Theory and Kendall Waves

123

(1)

Virgin Soil Epidemics: A Global Perspective

123

(4)

Island Populations of the Pacific

127

(21)

The 1875 Measles Epidemic in the Fijian Islands

148

(16)

Conclusion

164

(1)

The Changing Accessibility of Islands

165

(72)

Introduction

166

(1)

Decreasing Travel Times

167

(9)

Island Access by Ships: The Southwest Pacific

176

(15)

Maritime Defences and Quarantine Systems

191

(10)

Island Access by Air Transport

201

(26)

Towards a General Model

227

(2)

Conclusion

229

(8)

Internal Pathways of Spread

237

(56)

Introduction

238

(1)

Iceland as a Case Study

239

(9)

Internal Pathways: Impact on Spatial Patterns of Epidemics

248

(21)

Internal Pathways: Changes over Time and Impact on Epidemics

269

(5)

Cholera in the Philippine Islands, 1902-1904

274

(13)

Conclusion

287

(6)

Island Environments and Disease

293

(56)

Introduction

294

(2)

Island Disease Distributions

296

(9)

Island Diseases: Diversity or McDonaldization?

305

(16)

Island Environments and Seasonality

321

(12)

Seasonality, Travel, and Measles: A Pacific Perspective

333

(8)

Conclusion

341

(8)

Island Research: A Regional Survey

349

(80)

Introduction

350

(2)

The North Atlantic

352

(7)

The Caribbean

359

(25)

The South Atlantic

384

(12)

The North Pacific

396

(15)

The South Pacific

411

(7)

The Indian Ocean

418

(3)

Others

421

(6)

Conclusion

427

(2)

Island Futures

429

(20)

Introduction

429

(1)

Countervailing Forces in Island Ecology

430

(7)

Changing Role of Islands as Laboratories

437

(5)

A Continuing Role for Island Research

442

(5)

Conclusion

447

(2)

Appendices

449

(40)

References

489

(52)

Index

541

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