Issues in Race, Ethnicity and Gender

by CQ Press

• ISBN13: 9781568028729
• ISBN10: 1568028725
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-01
• Publisher: Cq Pr

Table of Contents

Annotated Contents	ix
Preface	xiii
Contributors	xvii
RACE
Affirmative Action	1	(22)
Should colleges use race-based admissions policies to remedy discrimination against minorities?	3	(1)
Should colleges use race-based admissions policies to promote diversity in their student populations?	4	(2)
Should colleges adopt other policies to try to increase minority enrollment?	6	(2)
Background	8	(7)
Unequal Opportunity	8	(1)
Affirmative Action	9	(1)
Negative Reaction	10	(2)
Legal Battles	12	(3)
Current Situation	15	(1)
Split Decisions?	15	(1)
Outlook: Reform or Status Quo?	16	(2)
Notes	18	(1)
Bibliography	19	(4)
Reparations Movement	23	(22)
Should the United States pay reparations to African-American descendants of slaves?	27	(2)
Have efforts to collect reparations for Holocaust victims gone too far?	29	(2)
Does putting a price tag on suffering diminish that suffering?	31	(2)
Background	33	(5)
Ancient Notion	33	(1)
Native Americans	33	(1)
Restitution to ``Comfort Women''	34	(1)
Japanese-Americans	34	(2)
The Holocaust	36	(2)
Current Situation	38	(3)
Reparations for Slavery	38	(3)
Outlook: Starting a Dialogue	41	(1)
Notes	41	(1)
Bibliography	42	(3)
Redistricting Disputes	45	(24)
Should states redraw congressional district lines in the middle of a decade?	51	(1)
Should courts limit partisan gerrymandering?	52	(1)
Should states use nonpartisan or bipartisan bodies to oversee redistricting?	53	(2)
Background	55	(8)
Political Conflicts	55	(3)
Court Battles	58	(1)
Building Blocs	59	(1)
Escalating Warfare	60	(3)
Current Situation	63	(2)
Designing Districts	63	(1)
Taking Seconds	64	(1)
Outlook: Winners Take All?	65	(1)
Notes	66	(1)
Bibliography	67	(2)
Policing the Police	69	(30)
Should the Miranda rule regarding police interrogation be relaxed?	72	(3)
Are stronger measures needed to prevent use of excessive force by police officers?	75	(3)
Should the use of ``racial profiling'' be prohibited?	78	(1)
Background	79	(8)
A Checkered Past	79	(2)
Miranda's Rights	81	(3)
Use of Force	84	(2)
``Driving While Black''	86	(1)
Current Situation	87	(5)
Debating Miranda	87	(2)
Judging Police	89	(1)
Watching for Profiling	89	(3)
Outlook: The Public's Trust	92	(2)
Notes	94	(1)
Bibliography	95	(4)
Environmental Justice	99	(20)
Do poor and minority populations suffer disproportionately from exposure to toxic materials?	102	(2)
Does President Clinton's 1994 executive order provide sufficient guarantees of environmental justice?	104	(1)
Does the focus on environmental justice distract attention from bigger health problems in poor and minority communities?	105	(1)
Background	105	(2)
Plight of the Poor	105	(1)
Birth of a Movement	106	(1)
Clinton's Policies	107	(1)
Current Situation	107	(6)
Recent Cases	107	(3)
Pressure on EPA	110	(3)
Aid for ``Brownfields''	113	(1)
Outlook: Impact on Business	113	(2)
Notes	115	(1)
Bibliography	116	(3)
Income Inequality	119	(22)
Does the income gap matter?	123	(2)
Is racism a leading cause of income disparity in the United States?	125	(1)
Should the government do more to reduce income disparity?	126	(4)
Background	130	(3)
Postwar Prosperity	130	(1)
Energy Crises	131	(1)
The Shrinking Middle	132	(1)
Current Situation	133	(3)
Clinton's Policies	133	(1)
Impact of NAFTA	133	(1)
Minimum Wage Increases	134	(1)
The Strong Economy	134	(2)
Outlook: Fear of a Downturn	136	(1)
Notes	137	(1)
Bibliography	138	(3)
Race in America	141	(32)
Is discrimination still a problem in the United States?	145	(2)
Are blacks still economically disadvantaged due to racism?	147	(2)
Is the criminal-justice system racially biased?	149	(4)
Background	153	(7)
Road to Emancipation	153	(2)
Rise of `Jim Crow'	155	(1)
Civil-Rights Era	156	(1)
A Dream Deferred?	157	(2)
Persistent Poverty	159	(1)
Current Situation	160	(7)
Affirmative-Action Ruling	160	(3)
Bush Administration	163	(4)
Action in the States	167	(1)
Outlook: Lingering Problems?	167	(1)
Notes	168	(1)
Bibliography	169	(4)
School Desegregation	173	(26)
Is racial imbalance in schools increasing due to court actions?	177	(2)
Do minorities suffer educationally because of racial isolation?	179	(2)
Would ``school choice'' policies help reduce the racial gap in educational achievement for African-Americans and Latinos?	181	(5)
Background	186	(6)
Long, Hard Road	186	(1)
Bumps in the Road	187	(3)
Reversing Directions?	190	(2)
Current Situation	192	(1)
Race-Counting	192	(1)
Race-Mixing?	193	(1)
Outlook: Mixed Records	193	(1)
Notes	194	(2)
Bibliography	196	(3)
ETHNICITY AND IMMIGRATION
Debate Over Immigration	199	(20)
Does the United States admit too many immigrants?	202	(1)
Should the Immigration and Naturalization Service crack down on employers who knowingly hire illegal immigrants?	203	(2)
Should the number of H-1B visas be increased?	205	(2)
Background	207	(4)
The Latest Wave	207	(3)
Family Reunification	210	(1)
Current Situation	211	(2)
Election Issue?	211	(2)
Outlook: Focus on the Economy	213	(3)
Notes	216	(1)
Bibliography	217	(2)
The New Immigrants	219	(22)
Are immigrants doing enough to fit into American life?	221	(5)
Should immigrants be permitted to hold dual citizenship?	226	(1)
Are Americans doing enough to ease the transition of new immigrants?	227	(5)
Background	232	(2)
A Nation of Immigrants	232	(1)
Founding Fathers' Nationalism	232	(1)
Rising Hostility	232	(1)
Fear of Foreigners	233	(1)
Ethnic Pride	233	(1)
Current Situation	234	(3)
Immigration Politics?	234	(2)
Ethnics for Democrats	236	(1)
A Changed Congress?	236	(1)
Outlook: Weaving New Fabric	237	(1)
Notes	237	(2)
Bibliography	239	(2)
Latinos' Future	241	(24)
Will Latinos' political clout equal their demographic strength in the near future?	245	(3)
Is the Latino population in the United States growing too fast?	248	(1)
Should greater efforts be made to pass on American values and culture to Latino newcomers?	249	(3)
Background	252	(4)
Demographic Earthquake	252	(2)
The Same, Yet Different	254	(2)
Current Situation	256	(3)
Latino Attitudes	256	(2)
The American Dream	258	(1)
Hard Lives for Illegals	259	(1)
Outlook: Post-Ethnic America?	259	(1)
Notes	260	(1)
Bibliography	261	(4)
Native Americans' Future	265	(22)
Do Indian tribes depend too heavily on aid from the federal government?	269	(3)
Is gambling the Indians' best hope for economic development?	272	(1)
Are Indians today victims of widespread discrimination?	273	(3)
Background	276	(3)
Early Treaties	276	(1)
Indians Pushed Out	277	(1)
Forced Assimilation	277	(1)
Allotment Policy Ends, Termination Begins	278	(1)
Self-Determination	278	(1)
Indian Gaming	279	(1)
Current Situation	279	(4)
Clinton's Policy	279	(1)
Program Cuts	280	(2)
Tribal Sovereignty	282	(1)
Outlook: Taking Control	283	(1)
Notes	283	(1)
Bibliography	284	(3)
Policing the Borders	287	(20)
Can the United States track foreign visitors effectively?	289	(2)
Can the United States keep weapons of mass destruction out of the country?	291	(4)
Should lawmakers create a new border security agency?	295	(2)
Background	297	(3)
Open-Door Policy	297	(1)
Federal Controls	297	(1)
Growing Concern	298	(1)
Sweeping New Laws	299	(1)
Current Situation	300	(3)
Administration Action	300	(1)
Congress Responds	301	(2)
Outlook: Civil Liberties	303	(1)
Notes	303	(1)
Bibliography	304	(3)
GENDER
Women in Sports	307	(20)
Are colleges playing numbers games with Title IX compliance?	309	(2)
Can professional women's sports leagues survive?	311	(3)
Do female athletes who pose for sexy photographs diminish women's accomplishments in sports?	314	(1)
Background	315	(3)
For Men Only	315	(2)
Title IX to the Rescue	317	(1)
Storming the Barricades	317	(1)
Current Situation	318	(5)
White House Scrutiny	318	(3)
Big Budget Football	321	(2)
Outlook: Focus on Enforcement	323	(1)
Notes	323	(2)
Bibliography	325	(2)
Gay Marriage	327	(26)
Would recognizing same-sex unions benefit gay men and lesbians?	331	(2)
Would recognizing same-sex unions hurt heterosexual marriage?	333	(2)
Are children helped or hurt by being raised in homosexual households?	335	(2)
Background	337	(9)
`More than Brothers'	337	(1)
Coming Out	337	(3)
Defending Marriage	340	(2)
`Marriage Equality'	342	(4)
Current Situation	346	(2)
Making Commitments	346	(1)
Debating Marriage	347	(1)
Outlook: Brave New World?	348	(2)
Notes	350	(1)
Bibliography	351	(2)
Abortion Debates	353	(20)
Should Roe v. Wade be overturned?	356	(3)
Should Congress ban so-called ``partial-birth'' abortions?	359	(2)
Should Congress and the states enact additional restrictions on abortion?	361	(2)
Background	363	(4)
Road to Roe	363	(1)
From Roe to Casey	364	(1)
Abortion-Rights Gains	365	(1)
Anti-Abortion Advances	366	(1)
Current Situation	367	(2)
``Abortion-Pill'' Controversy	367	(1)
Legislative Battles	368	(1)
Outlook: Unabated Conflict	369	(3)
Notes	372	(1)
Bibliography	373