Jihad made in Germany Ottoman and German Propaganda and Intelligence Operations in the First World War

by Ludke, Tilman

• ISBN13: 9783825880712
• ISBN10: 3825880710
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-09-30
• Publisher: Lit Verlag

Summary

This study analyses German and Ottoman efforts to promote a Muslim uprising in the Ottoman Empire and the Entente colonies in the First World War through intelligence and propaganda operations. Where appropriate, reference will be made to similar activities carried out by the British. These activities ended in failure. Germany over-rated the power of Pan-Islam and did not succeed in producing the desired rebellions. Britain, on the other hand, underrated Ottoman internal cohesion, and overrated the appeal of Arab nationalism to gain the support of the Ottoman Arabs for Britain's ends.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
1.1. Jihad made in Germany	1	(1)
1.2. The First World War	2	(3)
1.3. The First World War in the Middle East	5	(2)
1.4. Intelligence in the Great War	7	(4)
1.5. Propaganda in the First World War - the German-Ottoman Jihad Propaganda	11	(2)
1.6. The Framework of Measuring Successes and Failures of Propaganda	13	(3)
1.7. The Sources	16	(1)
1.8. The Structure	17	(2)
2. Historical Introduction
2.1. British Fears of Pan-Islam	19	(1)
2.2. The Ottoman Empire since the revolution of 1908	19	(6)
2.3. Germany's Aspirations to Empire and the Emergence of her Rivalry with Britain	25	(2)
2.4. War without Strategy - Britain, German, and Ottoman War Aims	27	(3)
2.5. Britain - the Development of an "Eastern" Strategy	30	(2)
2.6. Turkey and German Strategic War Aims	32	(1)
2.7. The Jihad Strategy	33	(1)
2.8. The Role of Islam in Organising Resistance to Imperial Expansion	34	(4)
2.9. Prelude to the "Jihad made in Germany": The War in Tripolitania, 1911 – 1912	38	(2)
2.10. The German-Ottoman alliance and the Ottoman Entry into the War	40	(6)
2.11. From Alliance to War	46	(2)
2.12. The German-Ottoman Alliance and the Jihad - the "Muslim Factor"	48	(8)
3. European Preoccupations with Jihad - German and Ottoman Attempts to Promote Jihad
3.1. European Intelligence Services before the First World War	56	(2)
3.2. Intelligence in the Middle East	58	(1)
3.3. The Agents	59	(3)
3.4. British Preoccupations with Pan-Islam - British Fears of Jihad	62	(8)
3.5. German Intelligence in the Middle East - Max Freiherr von Oppenheim	70	(5)
3.6. Ottoman Intelligence - the Teskilat-i Mahsusa	75	(8)
4. Case Studies of German and Ottoman Attempts to Promote Jihad
4.1. German, Ottoman and British Operations to Promote or Counter Jihad	83	(1)
4.2. A Factfinding Mission - Dr. Hoffmann	84	(1)
4.3. The Battles for Egypt and Tripolitania	85	(5)
4.4. The First Suez Canal Campaign - Analysis	90	(1)
4.5. Conflicting Interests I: Egypt - Germans, Ottomans and Egyptian Nationalists	91	(10)
4.6. Conflicting Interests II: Libya - Germans, Ottomans, Italians and the Sanusiya	101	(4)
4.7. The Problem of Communications	105	(6)
4.7.1. Case I - The Mission von Gumppenberg	105	(1)
4.7.2. Case II - The NILI or A-Organisation	106	(5)
4.8. Conclusion	111	(4)
5. Manufacturing Support: German and Ottoman Propaganda Operations
5.1. German and Ottoman Propaganda Operations	115	(1)
5.2. Oppenheim's Plan	115	(2)
5.3. The Intelligence Office for the East	117	(8)
5.3.1. Table 4.1: Members of the Intelligence Office for the East	119	(6)
5.4. Propaganda in the Ottoman Empire	125	(8)
5.5. Oppenheim's Propaganda Acitivities in the Second Half of the War	133	(7)
5.6. Results of German Propaganda according to German Eye-Witnesses	140	(9)
6. German and Ottoman Propaganda - Case Studies
6.1. A Muslim in Disguise - Max Roloff	149	(3)
6.2. Organising Propaganda in the Ottoman Empire - Dr. Prufer and Max von Oppenheim	152	(3)
6.3. Propaganda in the Sudan and Tripolitania	155	(8)
6.3.1. Propaganda in the Sudan	156	(2)
6.3.2. Propaganda in Tripolitania	158	(5)
6.4. Ottoman Propaganda in Tripolitania	163	(7)
6.5. The "Prisoner of the Mandi" as Propagandist - Carl Neufeld	170	(7)
6.6. The Mission von Stotzingen	177	(9)
7. Results of Intelligence and Propaganda Activities - Reasons for Failure
7.1. General Reasons for the Failure of German and Ottoman Intelligence and Propaganda Activities	186	(9)
7.2. Results of German Propaganda	195	(1)
7.3. Reasons for Failure - the Germans	196	(1)
7.4. The Performance of Ottoman Intelligence and Propaganda	197	(6)
7.5. A Point of Comparison - The Results of British Intelligence and Propaganda Operations	203	(6)
7.5.1. Reasons for Failure - the British	207
Appendix:
Individuals Suspected of Espionage in the Ottoman Empire	209	(10)
Bibliography	219	(30)
Geographical and Personal Index	249