Job

The New International Biblical Commentary offers the best of contemporary scholarship in a format that both general readers and serious students can use with profit. Based on the widely used New International Version translation, the NIBC presents careful section-by-section exposition with key terms and phrases highlighted and all Hebrew transliterated. A separate section of notes at the close of each chapter provides additional textual and technical comments.

Gerald H. Wilson was Professor of Old Testament and Biblical Hebrew at Azusa Pacific University.

Introducing Job	p. 17
In the Presence of Yahweh	p. 22
The First Test: Loss and Destruction	p. 26
Return to the Presence of Yahweh	p. 29
The Second Test: Personal Suffering	p. 31
Silent Comfort: Job's Three Friends	p. 33
Job's Protest out of Pain: Opening Curse	p. 35
Job's Protest out of Pain: Questioning Lament	p. 39
Trust in Your Piety	p. 43
Aphoristic Support	p. 45
Dream a Little Dream	p. 47
Born to Trouble	p. 50
Trust in a Merciful God	p. 53
Blessings of Divine Correction	p. 55
Impatience Justified	p. 58
Fickle Friendship	p. 61
Show Me!	p. 64
Hard Service	p. 66
The Fragility of Life	p. 68
The Temptation of Death	p. 70
Enough of Divine "Care"!	p. 72
Does God Pervert Justice?	p. 73
Trust Ancient Tradition	p. 76
Weeds in the Garden	p. 78
Retribution Will Work	p. 82
How Can a Mortal Be Righteous before God?	p. 83
Intimidation by Divine Power	p. 86
Loss of Confidence in Divine Justice	p. 90
The Futility of Innocence	p. 94
The Lack of Divine Parity Undermines Justice	p. 96
Determination to Press On	p. 99
The Non-carnate God	p. 101
Divine Care Overshadowed by Pain	p. 105
The Approach of Death	p. 110
Zophar	p. 111
Call to Refute Job	p. 112
The Limitless Mysteries of God	p. 116
Warning and Hope	p. 118
Job's Equal Wisdom	p. 122
The Contempt of Those at Ease	p. 124
The Creation Gives Testimony	p. 126
God's Power Confounds Human Wisdom	p. 128
Worthless Physicians	p. 135
I Will Defend My Ways	p. 140
Desire for Fair Hearing	p. 144
Accusation against God	p. 145
The Brevity of Human Life	p. 148
Metaphors from Nature	p. 152
Erosion of Hope	p. 155
Sin Prompts Your Mouth	p. 159
Aged Counsel	p. 162
Human Corruption	p. 166
Deserved Torment	p. 167
Miserable Comforters	p. 174
In the Clutches of the Wicked	p. 176
Attacked by God	p. 178
Sackcloth and Mourning	p. 180
Hope for Intercession	p. 182
Surrounded by Mockers	p. 185
A Byword to Everyone	p. 188
Where Is My Hope?	p. 190
Opening Criticism	p. 193
The Fate of the Wicked	p. 196
God Has Wronged Me	p. 201
Among God's Enemies	p. 203
Loathsome to My Brothers	p. 205
Yearning for Redemption	p. 207
Judgment for the Hunters	p. 211
Rejection of Discipline	p. 213
The Premature Death of the Wicked	p. 214
The Gluttony of Wickedness	p. 216
A Certain End	p. 220
The Inexplicable Prosperity of the Wicked	p. 222
God Annuls Retribution	p. 230
Death, an Inadequate Punishment	p. 234
No Gain for God	p. 239
Direct Accusations	p. 242
Job among the Wicked	p. 245
Submit and Be at Peace	p. 248
Taking God to Court	p. 254
Faith in Spite of an Invisible God	p. 259
Fear and Determination	p. 262
No Time Set for Judgment	p. 265
The Fate of the Wicked	p. 275
God Is in Control, Humans Are Unrighteous Maggots	p. 280
Sarcastic Introduction	p. 282
A Maggot's View of God's Power	p. 284
Job's Vow of Continued Integrity	p. 288
Friends Consigned to Fate of the Wicked	p. 292
Utter Destruction of the Wicked/Friends	p. 295
Excursus: A Poem of the Elusive Nature of Wisdom	p. 299
Humans Uncover the Earth's Most Hidden Riches	p. 301
Wisdom Remains Elusive	p. 305
The Way to Wisdom	p. 308
Longing for God's Intimate Presence	p. 312
Longing for Community Respect	p. 315
Longing for a Fruitful Life	p. 319
Longing for Community Influence	p. 321
Mocked by the Banished	p. 323
Abandoned by God and Beset by Terrors	p. 327
God the Enemy	p. 330
Concluding Lament	p. 332
Introduction: God Is Judge of Wicked	p. 334
The First Disavowal: Deceit and Greed	p. 337
The Second Disavowal: Adulterous Lust	p. 339
The Third Disavowal: Inequity and Injustice	p. 341
The Fourth Disavowal: Lack of Compassion	p. 343
The Fifth Disavowal: Trusting Wealth and Other Gods	p. 348
The Sixth Disavowal: Inhospitality and Secret Sin	p. 350
Desire for a Day in Court	p. 352
The Seventh Disavowal: Abuse of Land and Tenants	p. 354
Excursus: The Friends Conclude and Elihu Begins	p. 357
Connecting Links	p. 360
The Wisdom of Youth	p. 363
Refusal to Wait	p. 365
Compulsion to Speak	p. 367
Validity of the Speaker	p. 369
Summary of Job's Claims	p. 371
Rebuttal: God Speaks in Visions	p. 374
Rebuttal: God Chastens with Pain	p. 376
Restoration through Repentance	p. 377
Remain Silent, Learn Wisdom	p. 379
Introduction: Advice to Sages	p. 381
Summary of Job's Claims	p. 383
Rebuttal: God Does No Wrong	p. 385
Who Appoints the Judge on Whom All Depend?	p. 387
The Judge of Kings and Princes	p. 388
God Sees What All Humans Do	p. 390
Confession Required for Restoration	p. 392
Conclusion: Job's Sin of Rebellion	p. 394
What Profit for God?	p. 396
Rebuttal: An Unaffected God	p. 397
The Cries of the Wicked Go Unanswered	p. 398
True Words from Elihu	p. 400
God Is Mighty in Retribution	p. 402
Wooing and Warning Job	p. 405
Exalting God	p. 407
God of the Storm	p. 409
The Power of God as Storm	p. 412
God's Wonders, Job's Ignorance	p. 416
The Splendor of God's Coming	p. 418
Excursus: God's Appearance and Examination of Job	p. 420
Introduction	p. 422
Foundations of the Earth	p. 426
Limitations for the Seas	p. 428
A Purified Earth	p. 430
Beneath the Earth	p. 431
Above the Earth	p. 433
Authority in the Heavens	p. 435
Authority over All the Earth	p. 437
Languishing Lions and Ravenous Ravens	p. 439
The Mountain Goats and Birthing Deer	p. 440
The Freedom of the Wild Donkey	p. 441
The Wild Ox	p. 442
The Ostrich	p. 443
The Horse	p. 445
The Hawk and Eagle	p. 447
Job's Non-response	p. 449
A Renewed Challenge	p. 452
The Limits of Human Power	p. 454
Beastly Behemoth	p. 456
Elusive Leviathan	p. 459
Job's Final Concession	p. 465
Excursus: The Epilogue: Resetting the Clock	p. 469
Intercession for the Three Friends	p. 471
The Restoration of Job	p. 474
The Death of Job, Full of Years	p. 477
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