Joining Together

by Johnson, David W.; Johnson, Frank P.

• ISBN13: 9780205197507
• ISBN10: 0205197507
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-08-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
1 Group Dynamics	3	(46)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	3	(1)
The Importance of Groups	4	(7)
The Nature of Groups	11	(5)
Potential Group Performance	16	(2)
Forces Hindering Group Performance	18	(1)
Group Structure	19	(4)
The Development of Groups Over Time	23	(1)
Five Basic Elements of Group Effectiveness	24	(7)
The Dynamics of Group Members' Interaction	31	(5)
The Field of Group Dynamics	36	(1)
History of the Field of Group Dynamics	37	(2)
Kurt Lewin and the Field of Group Dynamics	39	(5)
Nature of This Book and How to Use It	44	(1)
Keeping a Personal Journal	44	(1)
Learning Contract	45	(1)
Your Skill Level	46	(3)
2 Experiential Learning	49	(22)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	49	(1)
Procedural Learning	50	(1)
Action Theories	51	(1)
Gaining Expertise Through Experiential Learning	52	(4)
Learning Group Skills	56	(2)
Experiential Learning and Motivation	58	(1)
Role Playing	59	(1)
Process Observation	60	(2)
Conducting Skill-Training Exercises	62	(4)
Ethics of Experiential Learning	66	(5)
3 Group Goals and Social Interdependence	71	(68)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	71	(1)
Introduction	72	(2)
What Is a Goal?	74	(2)
A Joint Vision	76	(1)
Do Group Goals Exist?	76	(2)
Importance of Group Goals	78	(3)
Clarity of Goals	81	(1)
Operational Goals	82	(1)
Group Goals and Level of Aspiration	83	(1)
Dealing With Hidden Agendas	84	(1)
Effective Group Goals	85	(1)
Helping Groups Set Effective Goals	86	(1)
Group Goals and Social Interdependence Among Members	97	(5)
Outcomes of Social Interdependence	102	(10)
Reciprocal Relationships Among the Three Outcomes	112	(4)
Other Ways to Achieve Cooperative Interdependence	116	(2)
Competitive and Individualistic Efforts	118	(1)
Goal Structures and the Allocation of Rewards Among Group Members	118	(3)
Social Interdependence and the Real World	121	(1)
Enhancers of Cooperative Efforts	122	(6)
Developing and Maintaining Trust	128	(11)
4 Communication Within Groups	139	(38)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	139	(1)
Introduction and Definitions	140	(3)
Effective Interpersonal Communication	143	(12)
Communicating Information in a Problem-Solving Group	155	(1)
Patterns of Communication Among Group Members	156	(1)
Effects of Competition on Communication	156	(2)
Physical Barriers to Communication	158	(7)
Communication Within an Authority Hierarchy	165	(2)
Informal Communication Networks and Opinion Leaders	167	(1)
Effects on the Message of a One-Way Communication Procedure	168	(4)
Communication Structures and Networks	172	(1)
Seating Arrangements	173	(1)
Taking a Survey	174	(1)
Improving Communication Among Group Members	174	(3)
5 Leadership	177	(50)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	177	(1)
What Is Leadership?	178	(4)
Trait Theories of Leadership	182	(6)
Leadership Styles	188	(2)
The Influence Theory of Leadership	190	(2)
Role Position/Group Structure Approach to Leadership	192	(4)
Situational Theories of Leadership	196	(10)
Vroom and Yetton's Normative Model of Leadership	206	(1)
Organizational Leadership	207	(5)
What If You Do Not Want to Be a Leader?	212	(15)
6 Decision Making	227	(58)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	227	(1)
Making Effective Decisions	228	(3)
Individual Versus Group Decision Making	231	(13)
Methods of Decision Making	244	(8)
Factors Enhancing Group Decision Making	252	(1)
Factors Hindering Group Decision Making	252	(16)
Approaches to Decision Making	268	(1)
Considered and Thoughtful Decision Making	269	(8)
Problems With Theorizing on Decision Making	277	(8)
7 Controversy and Creativity	285	(48)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	285	(4)
Controversy and Decision Making	289	(4)
The Avoidance of Controversy	293	(10)
Outcomes of Controversy	303	(4)
Process of Controversy	307	(4)
Conditions Determining the Constructiveness of Controversy	311	(3)
Structuring Academic Controversies	314	(1)
Guidelines for Constructive Controversy	315	(2)
Being a Citizen in a Democracy	317	(4)
Creativity	321	(1)
Developing and Fostering Creativity	322	(3)
Open Versus Closed Belief Systems	325	(2)
Brainstorming	327	(4)
Final Note	331	(2)
8 Conflict of Interests	333	(68)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	333	(1)
Conflict-Positive Groups	334	(1)
Nature of Conflicts of Interest	335	(1)
Conflicts Can Be Destructive or Constructive	336	(3)
Conflict Strategies: What Are You Like?	339	(4)
Controlling the Occurrence of Conflicts	343	(1)
The Nature of Negotiations	344	(7)
Two Types of Negotiating	351	(5)
The Integrative Negotiating Procedure	356	(19)
Try, Try Again	375	(3)
Negotiating in Good Faith	378	(1)
Refusal Skills: This Issue Is Not Negotiable	379	(7)
Intergroup Conflict	386	(4)
Cross-Ethnic Conflict	390	(4)
Intergroup Conflict and Superordinate Goals	394	(2)
Third-Party Mediation	396	(5)
9 The Use of Power	401	(42)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	401	(2)
Introduction	403	(1)
The Trait Factor Approach to Influence	404	(3)
The Dynamic Interdependence View of Influence	407	(2)
Personal Power and Personal Goal Accomplishment	409	(3)
The Bases of Power	412	(3)
Aversion to the Use of Direct Influence	415	(4)
Power and Problem Solving	419	(3)
Unequal Power	422	(4)
Power and Conflict	426	(4)
Your Power Behavior	430	(2)
Group Norms	432	(5)
The Group Mind	437	(6)
10 Dealing With Diversity	443	(24)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	443	(1)
Introduction	444	(1)
Diversity and Interdependence	445	(2)
Group Composition and Performance on Tasks	447	(5)
Barriers to Interacting With Diverse Peers	452	(2)
Making Diversity Among Members a Strength	454	(13)
11 Leading Learning and Discussion Groups	467	(18)
The Nature of Learning Groups	468	(1)
The Stages of Development of Learning Groups	469	(5)
Change of Ownership from Coordinator to Group Members	474	(1)
Basic Procedures for Structuring Discussion Groups	475	(5)
The Coordinator's Role: Final Notes	480	(5)
12 Leading Growth and Counseling Groups	485	(20)
Introduction	486	(1)
The Social-Skills Basis of Personal Growth	486	(1)
The Unique Powers of Group Experiences	487	(2)
Events That Promote Participant Change	489	(2)
Establishing the Goals of a Growth Group	491	(2)
Leading a Growth Group	493	(6)
Becoming a Facilitator	499	(1)
Feelings, Intuition, and Conceptual Frameworks	500	(3)
Growth Groups and Participant Anxiety	503	(2)
13 Team Development, Team Training	505	(38)
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter	505	(1)
Introduction	506	(1)
What Is a Team?	506	(2)
Types of Teams	508	(3)
Organizational Context	511	(6)
Building Productive Teams	517	(2)
Research on Team Effectiveness	519	(1)
Forming, Structuring, and Nurturing Teams	520	(5)
Use of Teams in Training Programs	525	(1)
Team Building	526	(1)
Assessing Quality of Work	527	(8)
Total Quality Management	535	(3)
Dealing With Problem Behaviors in Teams	538	(5)
Epilogue	543	(4)
Appendix: Answers	547	(14)
Glossary	561	(12)
References	573	(22)
Index	595