Jurisdiction of the Coastal State over Foreign Merchant Ships in Internal Waters And the Territorial Sea

by Yang, Haijiang

• ISBN13: 9783540331919
• ISBN10: 3540331913
• eBook ISBN(s): 9783540331926
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-05-15
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The general international law regarding foreign merchant ships in internal waters has never been codified. Despite the codification efforts made by the League of Nations and the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of 1958, the question of the breadth of the territorial sea was finally solved during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. In addition, the right of innocent passage of foreign ships has been regulated in the 1982 Convention in greater detail than ever before, whilst the new regime on the prevention of marine pollution in the Convention has also considerable impact on this right. In practice, potential conflicts between coastal States and foreign merchant ships in internal waters and the territorial sea may well arise. This comprehensive study analyses these issues and cautiously strives for reasonable and generally acceptable solutions.

Table of Contents

Abbreviations	1	(4)
Introduction	5	(2)
Part 1: Basic Concepts	7	(38)
A. Ship	7	(9)
I. Definition: ship or vessel	7	(6)
1. Ordinary meaning and definition efforts by scholars	7	(2)
2. The use of "ship" and "vessel" in international conventions	9	(1)
3. The use of "ship" and "vessel" in UNCLOS	10	(2)
4. Extrapolations and definition of ship	12	(1)
II. Categories of Ships	13	(1)
III. Foreign Ship	13	(1)
IV. Legal Implication of Ship	14	(2)
B. Nationality of Ship	16	(14)
I. Introduction	16	(2)
II. Registration	18	(1)
III. Documents: the right to fly a flag	19	(1)
IV. Genuine Link Between the State and the Ship	20	(2)
V. What Could Be the Final Proof of Nationality?	22	(1)
VI. Flag of Convenience	23	(3)
VII. Flag State Jurisdiction	26	(4)
1. Nature of flag State jurisdiction	26	(1)
2. Effective jurisdiction and control	27	(1)
3. Diplomatic protection	28	(2)
C. Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships	30	(15)
I. The Term of Jurisdiction	30	(5)
1. Applicable principles of jurisdiction	31	(3)
2. Containment of jurisdictional conflicts	34	(1)
II. Types of Jurisdiction	35	(5)
1. Legislative jurisdiction	35	(1)
2. Enforcement jurisdiction	36	(4)
a) Civil and criminal jurisdiction	37	(1)
b) Enforcement means and limitations	38	(2)
III. Development of Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships	40	(2)
1. Extension of coastal State jurisdiction	40	(1)
2. Weakness of flag State enforcement	41	(1)
3. Growing competence of coastal/port States	41	(1)
IV. Legal Basis of Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships	42	(3)
1. Territorial sovereignty	42	(1)
2. International conventions	42	(1)
3. Bilateral agreements	42	(1)
4. Regional arrangements	43	(2)
Part 2: Jurisdiction over Foreign Merchant Ships in Internal Waters	45	(70)
A. Introduction	45	(1)
B. Scope and Legal Status of Internal Waters	45	(3)
I. Baselines	45	(1)
II. Scope of Internal Waters	46	(1)
III. Legal Status	47	(1)
C. Right of Access to Foreign Ports	48	(22)
I. Legal Basis with Respect to the Right of Access to Foreign Ports	48	(20)
1. Customary international law	48	(5)
2. The 1923 Geneva Statute on the International Regime of Maritime Ports	53	(3)
3. Bilateral agreements	56	(3)
4. UNCLOS	59	(2)
5. State practice	61	(3)
6. Ships in distress	64	(4)
II. Right of Entry into Ports in the EU	68	(2)
D. Right of Passage in Internal Waters	70	(13)
I. Right of Access to and Passage in Foreign Internal Waters	70	(1)
II. Innocent Passage Pursuant to Art. 8(2) of UNCLOS	71	(3)
III. Freedom of Transit	74	(3)
IV. Right of Passage in Canals	77	(5)
V. Innocent Passage in Historic Waters	82	(1)
VI. Bilateral Agreements on the Right of Passage through Internal Waters	83	(1)
E. Legal Status of Foreign Ships in Ports or Other Internal Waters	83	(7)
I. Complete Jurisdiction of Coastal States over Foreign Ships	83	(2)
II. Non-discrimination Among Foreign Ships	85	(2)
1. National treatment	86	(1)
2. MFNT	87	(1)
3. Combination of national treatment and MFNT	87	(1)
III. Shipping/Trade Embargo	87	(3)
F. Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction	90	(7)
I. Jurisdiction over Matters with External or Internal Effects	90	(3)
II. Criminal Jurisdiction	93	(2)
III. Civil Jurisdiction	95	(2)
G. Port State Control	97	(12)
I. Introduction: A Complement to the Flag State Control	97	(2)
II. Enforcement of Port State Control Against Foreign Ships	99	(9)
1. Provisions in the IMO conventions with respect to port State control	99	(3)
a) LL 1966	99	(1)
b) MARPOL 73/78	100	(1)
c) SOLAS 1974	100	(1)
d) STCW 1978	101	(1)
2. Provisions in the Convention Concerning Minimum Standards in Merchant Ships (ILO 147)	102	(1)
3. Regional arrangements	102	(4)
a) Paris MOU 1982	103	(2)
b) Tokyo MOU 1993	105	(1)
4. Port State control in the EU	106	(2)
III. Development Trend of Port State Control	108	(1)
H. Jurisdiction in Environment Protection	109	(6)
I. Port State Special Jurisdiction	109	(3)
II. Coastal State Jurisdiction	112	(1)
III. Measures Relating to Seaworthiness of Foreign Ships	113	(2)
Part 3: Right of Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea	115	(70)
A. Introduction	115	(1)
B. Legal Status of Territorial Sea: Restricted Sovereignty	116	(8)
I. Origin of Territorial Sea and Its Juridical Nature prior to the Hague Codification Conference	116	(3)
II. Territorial Sea at the Hague Codification Conference of 1930	119	(2)
III. Territorial Sea in the Geneva Convention 1958	121	(2)
IV. Territorial Sea in UNCLOS	123	(1)
V. Conclusion	124	(1)
C. Breadth of Territorial Sea	124	(15)
I. Three-mile Limit	124	(4)
II. Twelve-mile Limit	128	(2)
III. Diversity of the Breadth of Territorial Sea in State Practice	130	(7)
IV. Process to the Uniformity of Twelve-mile Limit	137	(2)
1. Parties	137	(1)
2. Non-parties	138	(1)
D. Background of the Right of Innocent Passage	139	(8)
I. Genesis	139	(4)
II. Right of Innocent Passage: A Rule of Customary International Law	143	(2)
III. Nature and Implication of the Right of Innocent Passage	145	(2)
E. Development of the Right of Innocent Passage	147	(25)
I. Right of Innocent Passage in the Conventions	147	(1)
II. Meaning of Passage	148	(5)
1. Lateral passage	149	(1)
2. Passage to or from a port facility	150	(2)
3. Continuousness and expeditiousness of passage	152	(1)
4. Stoppage and anchorage as components of passage	152	(1)
III. Innocence of Passage	153	(17)
1. Meaning of innocence	154	(10)
a) Innocence in the Hague draft and in the Corfu Channel case	154	(1)
b) Innocence in the ILC draft of 1956	154	(2)
c) Innocence in CTS 1958	156	(2)
d) Innocence in UNCLOS	158	(6)
2. Non-innocent activities	164	(4)
3. Divergent judgments on innocence of passage	168	(2)
IV. Innocent Non-passage	170	(1)
V. Right of Innocent Passage in State Practice	171	(1)
F. Duties of Ships during Innocent Passage	172	(8)
I. Duty of Observation of Laws and Regulations	173	(1)
II. Duty of Continuousness and Expeditiousness	174	(1)
III. Duty of Refraining from Engaging in Non-innocent Activities	174	(1)
IV. Duty of Navigation on the Surface and Showing the Flag	175	(1)
V. Duty of Compliance with Sea Lanes and Traffic Separation Schemes	175	(1)
VI. Duty of Ships with Highly Dangerous Characteristics	176	(2)
VII. Duty to Pay for Specific Services	178	(2)
G. Duties of Coastal States	180	(5)
I. Duty of Abstention	180	(1)
II. Duty of Non-discrimination	181	(2)
III. Duty of Information	183	(1)
IV. Conclusion	184	(1)
Part 4: Jurisdiction over Foreign Merchant Ships in the Territorial Sea	185	(78)
A. Introduction	185	(1)
B. Legislative Jurisdiction: Competence to Regulate	185	(20)
I. General	185	(2)
II. Scope of Regulation	187	(9)
1. UNCLOS	187	(4)
2. Other regulatory conventions	191	(7)
a) COLREG 1972	191	(1)
b) MARPOL 73/78	192	(1)
c) SOLAS 1974	193	(2)
d) Basel Convention 1989	195	(1)
III. Enforceability of the Regulation	196	(2)
IV. State Practice	198	(7)
1. Navigation	199	(1)
2. Marine environment	200	(3)
3. DCME standards	203	(2)
4. Observations	205	(1)
C. Administrative Jurisdiction of Coastal States	205	(22)
I. Maritime Traffic Management	206	(9)
1. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes (TSS)	206	(3)
2. MSR systems and VTS	209	(3)
3. Compulsory pilotage	212	(3)
II. Rights of Protection of Coastal States	215	(10)
1. Entitlement of coastal States for confirmation of non-innocence	215	(1)
2. Prevention of non-innocent passage	216	(2)
3. Prevention of non-passage	218	(1)
4. Prevention of breach of port entry conditions	219	(1)
5. Suspension of innocent passage	220	(3)
6. Establishment of security zones in the territorial sea under Art. 25(3) UNCLOS?	223	(2)
III. Collection of Charges for Specific Services	225	(2)
D. Coastal State Enforcement Jurisdiction over Marine Environment	227	(20)
I. Pollution from Ships	227	(7)
1. Enforcement jurisdiction under international conventions	227	(5)
a) MARPOL 73/78	228	(1)
b) UNCLOS	229	(3)
2. State practice	232	(2)
II. Control of Ships with Dangerous Substances	234	(5)
1. Conventional provisions: UNCLOS and Basel Convention 1989	234	(2)
2. State practice	236	(3)
III. Marine Protected Areas	239	(1)
IV. Dumping	240	(1)
V. Ice-covered Areas: Art. 234 of UNCLOS	241	(1)
VI. Nuclear-Free Zone	242	(2)
VII. Limitations to the Enforcement of Coastal/Port States: Safeguards in UNCLOS	244	(3)
E. Criminal Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships in the Territorial Sea	247	(9)
I. Introduction	247	(1)
II. Developments in International Fora	248	(5)
1. Lateral passage	250	(1)
2. Outward-bound passage	251	(1)
3. Inward-bound passage	251	(1)
4. Lateral passage with antecedent crimes	252	(1)
III. State Practice	253	(3)
F. Civil Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships in the Territorial Sea	256	(6)
I. Introduction	256	(1)
II. Evolution of Civil Jurisdiction in International Fora	257	(3)
III. State Practice	260	(2)
G. Conclusion	262	(1)
Part 5: Conclusion and Outlook	263	(8)
A. Conclusion	263	(5)
B. Outlook	268	(3)
Bibliography	271	(10)
Index	281