Acknowledgments | p. vii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The Value Component of Policy Analysis | p. 7 |
Policy Opinions and Value Opinions | p. 7 |
Prima Facie Values and Value Conflicts | p. 10 |
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Values | p. 12 |
Five Basic Types of Value Systems | p. 15 |
Notes | p. 32 |
Why There Is No 'Incommensurable Pluralism' of Value Systems | p. 33 |
Is the Value of Cultural Traditions Intrinsic or Extrinsic? | p. 34 |
The Psychological Difficulty of Introspectively Distinguishing Intrinsic from Extrinsic Values | p. 44 |
Notes | p. 55 |
Crucial Problems with Utilitarian Decision Principles | p. 57 |
Extreme Utilitarianism | p. 58 |
Rule Utilitarianism | p. 74 |
Crucial Problems with Rights-Based Decision Principles | p. 86 |
Positive Law and Natural Law: In What Sense Do Rights "Trump" Beneficial Consequences? | p. 88 |
Kant, Gewirth, and Nozick: Rights and Duties as Mandatory Rather than Merely Beneficial | p. 97 |
Frankena and Rawls: The Need for a Commensurability of Justice and Utility | p. 113 |
Toward a Nonutilitarian Consequentialist Concept of Distributive Justice | p. 123 |
The Effect of Diminishing Marginal Utility | p. 124 |
Nonutilitarian Consequentialist Distributive Justice and the Utility-Justice Conflict | p. 128 |
The Problem of Individual Differences in the Rate of Diminishing Marginal Utility | p. 134 |
A Method for Quantifying Distributive Justice | p. 143 |
Why Cost-Benefit Analysis Fails: The Distinction Between Necessary and Less-Necessary Benefits | p. 145 |
Measuring the Degree of Necessity | p. 151 |
The "Wealth Effect" in Occupational Risk-Aversion Studies as a Measure of the Rate of Diminishing Marginal Utility and Thus of the 'Degree of Necessity' of Both Priced and Unpriced Values | p. 155 |
A Mathematical Model for the Effect of Necessity/nonnecessity on Quantitative Decision Principles | p. 161 |
Conclusion | p. 171 |
The Problem of Empirical Uncertainties | p. 173 |
How Scientific Uncertainties Inhibit Government Intervention | p. 177 |
Incorporating Justice into a Consequentialist Approach | p. 190 |
References | p. 201 |
Index | p. 211 |
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