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9780878406678

Just Results

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780878406678

  • ISBN10:

    0878406670

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1998-02-01
  • Publisher: Georgetown Univ Pr
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Summary

In "Just Results", Ralph D. Ellis provides an authoritative solution to one of the major problems in the field of public policy. Until now, analysts and planners have had no practical or accurate means of incorporating qualitative social concerns into the traditional quantitative formulas used in policy making. By introducing a justice factor -- a quantitative measure for social values -- Ellis opens the door for more balanced policy decisions.Using concrete, real-world examples, Ellis shows how policy analysts can better account for the use value -- or practical measurable utility -- of universally agreed-upon social benefits such as life, health, safety, and environmental preservation when making cost-benefit analyses. In this way, policymakers, and by extension, society as a whole, can avoid making unjust tradeoffs between important social values and comparatively frivolous economic benefits.Drawing on philosophical works on justice from Kant through John Rawls, this book is informed by a theoretical defense of distributive justice that emphasizes diminishing marginal utility, thus favoring the poor. "Just Results" is a stimulating and highly applicable book that will be of great interest to philosophers, political scientists, policy analysts and planners.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgmentsp. vii
Introductionp. 1
The Value Component of Policy Analysisp. 7
Policy Opinions and Value Opinionsp. 7
Prima Facie Values and Value Conflictsp. 10
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Valuesp. 12
Five Basic Types of Value Systemsp. 15
Notesp. 32
Why There Is No 'Incommensurable Pluralism' of Value Systemsp. 33
Is the Value of Cultural Traditions Intrinsic or Extrinsic?p. 34
The Psychological Difficulty of Introspectively Distinguishing Intrinsic from Extrinsic Valuesp. 44
Notesp. 55
Crucial Problems with Utilitarian Decision Principlesp. 57
Extreme Utilitarianismp. 58
Rule Utilitarianismp. 74
Crucial Problems with Rights-Based Decision Principlesp. 86
Positive Law and Natural Law: In What Sense Do Rights "Trump" Beneficial Consequences?p. 88
Kant, Gewirth, and Nozick: Rights and Duties as Mandatory Rather than Merely Beneficialp. 97
Frankena and Rawls: The Need for a Commensurability of Justice and Utilityp. 113
Toward a Nonutilitarian Consequentialist Concept of Distributive Justicep. 123
The Effect of Diminishing Marginal Utilityp. 124
Nonutilitarian Consequentialist Distributive Justice and the Utility-Justice Conflictp. 128
The Problem of Individual Differences in the Rate of Diminishing Marginal Utilityp. 134
A Method for Quantifying Distributive Justicep. 143
Why Cost-Benefit Analysis Fails: The Distinction Between Necessary and Less-Necessary Benefitsp. 145
Measuring the Degree of Necessityp. 151
The "Wealth Effect" in Occupational Risk-Aversion Studies as a Measure of the Rate of Diminishing Marginal Utility and Thus of the 'Degree of Necessity' of Both Priced and Unpriced Valuesp. 155
A Mathematical Model for the Effect of Necessity/nonnecessity on Quantitative Decision Principlesp. 161
Conclusionp. 171
The Problem of Empirical Uncertaintiesp. 173
How Scientific Uncertainties Inhibit Government Interventionp. 177
Incorporating Justice into a Consequentialist Approachp. 190
Referencesp. 201
Indexp. 211
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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