Juvenile Delinquency

by Burfeind, James W.; Bartusch, Dawn Jeglum, Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780763736286
• ISBN10: 0763736287
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-30
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett

Summary

Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach provides a thorough examination of the primary theories of delinquency along with the most recent and relevant research in the field. The social contexts of delinquency-families, peers, schools, drugs, and gangs-are considered within the theoretical traditions that most actively address these arenas. With a writing style praised by reviewers and students alike, Burfeind and Bartusch do an outstanding job helping students understand juvenile delinquency. The text is divided into four main sections, containing 15 chapters. The first two sections focus on defining and describing juvenile delinquency. The third section concentrates on explaining delinquent behavior, while the fourth section considers responding to juvenile delinquency through contemporary juvenile justice systems. Click on the Additional Information... link to view sample chapters from this text. To help you review this new text, excerpts from the book are available for download in Adobe PDF format. Click here to download a PDF of Chapter 01. Click here to download a PDF of Chapter 02. Click here to download a PDF of the Preface.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xix
About the Authors	xxi
Section I: Studying Juvenile Delinquency
The Study of Juvenile Delinquency	1	(14)
Understanding Juvenile Delinquency	5	(2)
The Study of Juvenile Delinquency	5	(1)
The Nature of Delinquency	6	(1)
Explaining Delinquent Behavior	6	(1)
Responding to Juvenile Delinquency	6	(1)
Developing and Evaluating Theories of Delinquency	7	(2)
Components of Theories	7	(1)
Levels of Explanation	8	(1)
Assessing Theory	8	(1)
Purposes of Delinquency Research	9	(2)
Generating Theory	9	(1)
Testing Theory	10	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	11	(1)
Chapter Resources	12	(3)
Defining Juvenile Delinquency	15	(48)
The Social Construction of ``Juvenile Delinquency''	17	(6)
The Discovery of Childhood and Adolescence	17	(3)
The Parens Patriae Doctrine	20	(1)
Positivist Criminology	21	(2)
Invention of the Juvenile Court	23	(15)
Poor Laws, Charities, and Pauperism	23	(1)
Houses of Refuge and Moral Reform	24	(3)
Placing-Out and Orphan Trains	27	(1)
Reform Schools	27	(2)
The Child-Saving Movement	29	(1)
Creation of the Juvenile Court (1899)	30	(8)
The Second Revolution: Transformation of Juvenile Justice Thought and Practice	38	(10)
Challenges to the Traditional Juvenile Court	39	(1)
The Due Process Revolution in Juvenile Justice	40	(2)
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974	42	(3)
Getting Tough: Initiatives for Punishment and Accountability	45	(3)
Legal Definitions of ``Juvenile Delinquency''	48	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	51	(2)
Chapter Resources	53	(10)
Measuring Delinquency	63	(48)
Studying Causes of Delinquency	65	(3)
The Research Process	65	(1)
Causal Analysis	65	(3)
Research Methods for Studying Crime and Delinquency	68	(13)
Comparing Offenders and Non-Offenders	68	(3)
Sutherland's Use of Case Studies and Analytic Induction	71	(2)
Ethnography	73	(1)
Ecological Analysis	74	(2)
Survey Research	76	(5)
Sources of Data on Crime and Delinquency	81	(16)
``Official Data''	81	(7)
Victimization Surveys	88	(5)
Self-Report Surveys	93	(4)
Methods, Theory, and Policy	97	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	100	(2)
Chapter Resources	102	(9)
Section II: The Nature of Delinquency
The Extent of Delinquent Offenses	111	(36)
Prevalence and Incidence	114	(9)
Self-Report Data	114	(4)
Official Data	118	(2)
Prevalence and Incidence in Brief	120	(1)
Why Are Young People Disproportionately Involved in Crime?	120	(3)
Relative Frequency of Different Types of Offenses	123	(6)
Self-Report Data	123	(2)
Official Data	125	(3)
Relative Frequency in Brief	128	(1)
Why Are Some Types of Delinquent Offenses More Common Than Others?	128	(1)
Trends in Delinquent Offenses	129	(7)
Self-Report Data	129	(3)
Official Data	132	(2)
Juvenile Crime Trends in Brief	134	(1)
Is There an Epidemic of Youth Violence?	134	(2)
The Ecology of Juvenile Offenses: Spatial and Temporal Distribution	136	(5)
Self-Report Data	136	(1)
Official Data: Uniform Crime Reporting Program	136	(2)
Ecology of Delinquency in Brief	138	(2)
Why Are Delinquent Offenses Distributed in Place and Time?	140	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	141	(1)
Chapter Resources	142	(5)
Age, Gender, Race, and Class of Offenders	147	(52)
Age	149	(11)
Crime-Prone Years	153	(1)
Aging Out of Crime	153	(1)
Victimization Surveys and Self-Reports	154	(1)
Age Composition Effect	155	(1)
Debate about the Age-Crime Relationship	155	(3)
Age and Delinquency in Brief	158	(1)
Why Are Young People So Involved in Crime?	158	(2)
Gender	160	(7)
Official Data	160	(1)
Self-Report Data	161	(2)
Narrowing of the Gender Gap in Delinquency?	163	(1)
Gender and Delinquency in Brief	164	(1)
Why Are Males So Involved in Crime?	165	(2)
Race	167	(7)
Official Data	167	(1)
Self-Report Data	168	(3)
Victimization Survey Data	171	(1)
Race and Delinquency in Brief	172	(1)
Why Are African Americans Disproportionately Involved in Crime?	172	(2)
Social Class	174	(8)
The Early Debate	175	(1)
Measurement of Social Class and Delinquency	175	(3)
Self-Report Data	178	(1)
Social Class and Delinquency in Brief	179	(1)
Why Are the Economically Disadvantaged So Involved in Serious Crime?	180	(2)
Victimization	182	(4)
Age	183	(1)
Gender	183	(1)
Race	184	(1)
Social Class	185	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	186	(1)
Chapter Resources	187	(12)
Developmental Patterns of Offending	199	(50)
``Chronic Offenders'' and ``Career Criminals''	202	(5)
Wolfgang's ``Chronic Offenders''	202	(3)
Blumstein's ``Criminal Careers'' and ``Career Criminals''	205	(1)
Theoretical Perspective on Criminal Careers, Career Criminals, and Chronic Offenders	206	(1)
The Developmental Perspective	207	(15)
Age of Onset of Problem Behaviors	208	(2)
Continuity and Change in Problem Behaviors	210	(2)
Progression of Seriousness	212	(3)
Generality of Deviance or Co-Occurrence of Problem Behaviors	215	(4)
Desistance from Offending	219	(2)
Advantages of the Developmental Perspective	221	(1)
Developmental Models of Delinquent Behavior	222	(12)
Loeber's Pathways Model	222	(5)
Patterson's Early- and Late-Starter Models	227	(2)
Moffitt's Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Offenders	229	(5)
Summary and Conclusions	234	(2)
Chapter Resources	236	(13)
Section III: Explaining Delinquent Behavior
Classical and Positivist Criminology	249	(40)
Classical Criminology	252	(18)
Cesare Beccaria: On Crimes and Punishments	252	(6)
Jeremy Bentham: The Utility of Punishment	258	(1)
Application of Classical Criminology	259	(1)
Punishment Deters Crime: Deterrence Theory	260	(2)
Choosing Delinquency: Rational Choice Theory	262	(8)
Positivist Criminology	270	(5)
Foundations of Positivist Criminology	271	(4)
Is Delinquent Behavior Chosen or Determined?	275	(2)
Neoclassical Criminology	275	(1)
Hard Determinism, Soft Determinism, and Drift	276	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	277	(2)
Chapter Resources	279	(10)
Biological and Psychological Approaches	289	(48)
Early Biological Approaches: Focusing on Physical Characteristics	292	(6)
Physical Appearance and Biological Differences	292	(1)
Cesare Lombroso's Search for ``Criminal Man''	293	(2)
Charles Goring: Lombroso Assessed	295	(1)
Earnest Hooton: Lombroso Revisited	295	(1)
Physique, Temperament, and Delinquency	296	(2)
Contemporary Biological Approaches: Biosocial Criminology	298	(12)
The Nervous System: Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology	300	(4)
Biochemical Factors	304	(4)
Heritability: Behavioral Genetics	308	(2)
Personality and Biosocial Development	310	(8)
Trait-Based Personality Models	311	(4)
Personality Traits and Antisocial Behavior	315	(3)
Intelligence and Delinquency	318	(5)
Early Intelligence Tests, Crime, and Delinquency	318	(1)
``Feeblemindedness'' and Delinquency	319	(1)
Rebirth of Interest in the IQ--Delinquency Relationship	320	(1)
Lingering Issues With IQ	321	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	323	(2)
Chapter Resources	325	(12)
Situational and Routine Dimensions of Delinquency	337	(36)
Characteristics of the Current Situation	340	(10)
Situational Correlates of Aggression	340	(2)
Situational Inducements	342	(1)
Mean Streets: Adverse Situations and Delinquency	343	(3)
The Situation of Company	346	(1)
Routine Activities of Adolescents: Opportunities for Delinquency	347	(3)
Drifting into Delinquency	350	(7)
Subculture of Delinquency and Subterranean Values	352	(2)
Techniques of Neutralization	354	(2)
A ``Will'' for Delinquency	356	(1)
The Experience of Delinquency	357	(7)
Sneaky Thrills: Juvenile Property Crime	358	(4)
Ways of the Badass	362	(1)
Street Elites	363	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	364	(2)
Chapter Resources	366	(7)
Social Control Theories: Family Relations	373	(50)
Informal Social Control	376	(1)
Studying Family Relations and Delinquent Behavior	376	(3)
Social Control Theories	379	(20)
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory	379	(9)
Sampson and Laub's Life-Course Theory	388	(5)
Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime	393	(6)
Characteristics of Family Life and Informal Social Control	399	(8)
Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship	400	(1)
Family Management: Monitoring, Supervision, and Discipline	401	(2)
Family Structure and Family Processes	403	(1)
Family Size and Birth Order	404	(1)
Family Social Class	405	(1)
Parental Criminality	405	(1)
Parents, Peers, and Delinquent Behavior	406	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	407	(2)
Chapter Resources	409	(14)
Social Learning Theories: Peer-Group Influences	423	(44)
Companions in Crime: The Group Character of Delinquency	425	(2)
Theoretical Views of Peers and Delinquent Behavior	427	(5)
Social Learning Theories	427	(4)
Socialization versus Selection	431	(1)
Peer-Group Influences	432	(10)
Is Delinquency Learned from Delinquent Peers?	432	(2)
Is Delinquency a Group Activity?	434	(1)
What is the Nature of Delinquent Groups?	434	(1)
How Does Social Interaction within Peer Groups Influence Youth?	435	(4)
Are There Gender Differences in Peer-Group Influence?	439	(1)
What Role Do Peers Play in Drug Use?	440	(2)
Street Gangs, Group Processes, and Delinquency	442	(12)
The Persistent Gang Problem	442	(1)
Defining Gangs	443	(3)
Group Processes and Gang Delinquency	446	(3)
Gang Culture, Organizational Structure, and Group Processes	449	(5)
Summary and Conclusions	454	(2)
Chapter Resources	456	(11)
Social Structure Theories: Community, Strain, and Subcultures	467	(48)
The Foundation of Social Structure Theories: Durkheim's Social Solidarity	470	(1)
Social Disorganization Theory	471	(15)
The Chicago School	471	(2)
Shaw and McKay's Delinquency Areas	473	(7)
Delinquency Rates in Other Urban Areas: Applications of Social Disorganization Theory	480	(2)
Delinquency Prevention in Delinquency Areas	482	(1)
A Contemporary Version of Social Disorganization Theory: Collective Efficacy	482	(4)
Anomie and Strain Theories	486	(17)
Anomie Theory	489	(3)
Strain Theory	492	(4)
The Strain of Adolescence: General Strain Theory	496	(3)
Strain and Gang Subcultures	499	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	503	(2)
Chapter Resources	505	(10)
Labeling and Critical Criminologies	515	(52)
The Labeling Perspective	518	(15)
Imposing the Label of ``Deviant'' or ``Delinquent''	518	(2)
The Emergence of ``Labeling Theory''	520	(1)
The Creation and Enforcement of Social Rules	520	(3)
Informal Reactions: Labeling As an Interpersonal Process	523	(4)
Consequences of Labeling: Stigma or Deterrence?	527	(3)
Assessment of the Labeling Perspective	530	(1)
Braithwaite's Theory of Reintegrative Shaming	531	(1)
Who Is Labeled, and Based on Whose Rules?	532	(1)
Critical Criminologies	533	(10)
Major Themes of Critical Criminologies	533	(1)
Bonger's View of Capitalism and Crime	534	(1)
Marxist Views of Crime	535	(1)
Colvin and Pauly's Integrated Structural-Marxist Theory of Delinquency	536	(3)
Hagan's Power-Control Theory of Delinquency	539	(2)
Greenberg's Marxist Interpretation of Delinquency	541	(2)
Feminist Criminology	543	(8)
Early Feminist Critiques of Criminology and the Criminal Justice System	545	(1)
Liberal Feminism	546	(1)
Radical Feminism	547	(2)
Socialist Feminism	549	(2)
Marxist Feminism	551	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	551	(3)
Chapter Resources	554	(13)
Understanding Delinquency	567	(30)
Key Theoretical Concepts for Explaining Delinquency	572	(9)
The Nature of Delinquency	572	(2)
Theoretical Explanations for Delinquency	574	(7)
``Putting the Pieces Together'': Integrated Theories of Delinquent Behavior	581	(8)
Debate About Integrated Approaches	581	(2)
Elliott's Integrated Theory of Delinquent Behavior	583	(1)
Thornberry's Interactional Theory	583	(2)
Tittle's Control Balance Theory	585	(2)
Miethe and Meier's Integrated Theory of Offenders, Victims, and Situations	587	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	589	(2)
Chapter Resources	591	(6)
Section IV: Responding to Juvenile Delinquency
Contemporary Juvenile Justice	597	(66)
Structure of Juvenile Justice Systems: Decentralized and Fragmented	601	(2)
Discretion and Diversion: Here, There, and Everywhere	603	(1)
Delinquency Prevention	603	(8)
The Prevention Perspective: Adolescents At Risk	604	(2)
Delinquency Prevention Programs	606	(5)
Police Encounters with Juveniles	611	(17)
The Police Role with Juveniles	612	(7)
Discretion and Diversion	619	(5)
Due Process in Law Enforcement	624	(4)
Juvenile Court Processes: Formal and Informal	628	(11)
Referral to Juvenile Court	628	(2)
Intake and Petition	630	(2)
Detention	632	(2)
Transfer to Criminal Court	634	(1)
Adjudication	635	(1)
Disposition	636	(3)
Juvenile Corrections	639	(8)
Juvenile Corrections and the Second Revolution	639	(1)
Probation	639	(4)
Community-Based Corrections	643	(2)
Residential Placement	645	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	647	(4)
Chapter Resources	651	(12)
Author Index	663	(4)
Subject Index	667