Juvenile Justice

by Mays, Larry G.; Winfree, L. Thomas, Jr.

• ISBN13: 9781577664123
• ISBN10: 1577664124
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-05-25
• Publisher: Waveland Pr Inc

Summary

"The evolution and development of the American juvenile justice system are distilled into an engaging survey in this extensively revised edition. In clear, authoritative language, the text explores the social, legal, historical, and political ramifications of administering justice to American youth. The authors draw upon their extensive backgrounds in the field to provide a cogent framework for organizing their discussion - one that skillfully blends theory, research, and practical applications. Throughout the text, boxed features address international perspectives on contemporary juvenile justice issues, as well as discussions of the theoretical explanations of crime and delinquency." "The authors incorporate numerous data sources to provide a balanced presentation of juvenile justice statistics, their multiple interpretations, and the trends they indicate. Moreover, they include well-researched material that often is overlooked in other texts, including up-to-date discussions of parole/aftercare and nondelinquent children. A comprehensive chapter on juvenile gangs illustrates how theory informs research, and research in turn informs policy and practice. The latest prevention and intervention strategies and programs are covered in a chapter that explores these goals from both philosophical and practical perspectives."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xix
Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice	1	(30)
Defining Delinquency: The Basics	4	(5)
What Is Delinquency?	4	(1)
Who Is a Juvenile?	5	(2)
Who Is a Delinquent?	7	(2)
Measuring Delinquency: Issues and Insights	9	(5)
Crime, Delinquency, and the Media	9	(4)
Social Science Research	13	(1)
Reporting Systems for Delinquency: Measures and Trends	14	(7)
Youthful Victims of Crime: National Crime Victimization Surveys	15	(1)
Kids, Cops, and Crime: Uniform Crime Reports	16	(1)
Children in Court: National Juvenile Court Statistics	17	(4)
Responding to Delinquency and Delinquents	21	(3)
Law Enforcement	22	(1)
Courts	22	(1)
Corrections	23	(1)
Providing for Juvenile Justice: A National Perspective	24	(2)
Governmental Committees and Commissions	24	(1)
Permanent Governmental and Quasi-Governmental Agencies	24	(1)
Professional Organizations	25	(1)
Private Foundations and Interest Groups	26	(1)
Summary	26	(5)
Critical Review Questions	27	(1)
Recommended Readings	28	(1)
Key Terms	28	(1)
Notes	28	(3)
Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Justice	31	(30)
Historical Status of Children: The Evolution of Childhood	35	(3)
Children in Ancient Rome and in the Middle Ages	35	(3)
The Emergence of Childhood in the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation	38	(1)
Between Childhood and Adulthood: Creating Adolescence	38	(4)
Defining the ``Good Child'' in Early American History: 1620--1870	39	(2)
Adolescents and Delinquents: 1870--1900	41	(1)
The Juvenile Court: A New Justice System for a New Century	42	(2)
The Industrial Revolution	43	(1)
Immigration and Urbanization	43	(1)
The Progressive Era	44	(1)
Explaining Delinquency, Part I: Historical Views	44	(3)
Spiritual and Natural Explanations: Precursors of Modern Crime Theories	45	(1)
Crime and Deterrence	46	(1)
Crime and Biology	46	(1)
Explaining Delinquency, Part II: Psychological and Sociological Theories	47	(7)
Delinquency and Psychology	48	(1)
Delinquency, Sociology, and the Control of Delinquency	49	(2)
Delinquency, Sociology, and Delinquency as Learned Behavior	51	(1)
Delinquency, Sociology, and the Role of Power	52	(2)
Explaining Delinquency, Part III: Theoretical Eclecticism and Pragmatism	54	(2)
Summary	56	(5)
Critical Review Questions	57	(1)
Recommended Readings	58	(1)
Key Terms	59	(1)
Notes	59	(2)
Juvenile Offenders and Police Processes	61	(36)
A Brief History of Police Work with Juveniles	63	(3)
Police Roles and Juvenile Offenders	66	(6)
Police Functions	66	(1)
Police Styles and Their Implications for Police--Juvenile Contacts	67	(1)
The Police as Juvenile Justice System Gatekeepers	68	(1)
Police Discretion	69	(1)
Police Discretion, Age, Gender, and Race: A Cautionary Note	70	(2)
Police and Juvenile Contacts	72	(2)
Troublesome Youths and the Police	72	(1)
Juvenile Crime Victims	73	(1)
Police Responses to Delinquency	74	(3)
Citizen-Initiated Encounters	75	(1)
Family-Initiated Encounters	75	(1)
School-Initiated Encounters	76	(1)
Police-Initiated Encounters	76	(1)
Arrest and Restraint: Issues and Practices	77	(4)
Police Use of Force	78	(1)
Police Identification Procedures	78	(1)
Police Record Keeping	79	(2)
Investigation of Juvenile Offenses	81	(4)
Evidentiary Procedures and the Rights of Juvenile Suspects: The Basics	81	(2)
The Interrogation Environment	83	(1)
Personal Characteristics of the Suspect	84	(1)
Searches Involving Juvenile Suspects	84	(1)
Police-School Interactions	85	(2)
School Police Departments	86	(1)
Police Officers in the Schools	87	(1)
Best Practices	87	(6)
Police-Juvenile Programs	87	(1)
Emerging Police Roles	88	(5)
Summary	93	(4)
Critical Review Questions	94	(1)
Recommended Readings	95	(1)
Key Terms	95	(1)
Notes	96	(1)
Preadjudication Detention and Diversion Programs	97	(32)
Why Preadjudication Detention?	99	(2)
Places of Detention	101	(7)
Juvenile Detention Centers	102	(1)
Adult Jails	102	(2)
Police Lockups	104	(2)
Detention Decisions: Delinquents versus Status Offenders	106	(1)
Alternatives to Secure Detention	107	(1)
Detention Decision Making	108	(2)
Detention Screening	108	(1)
Predetention Hearings	109	(1)
Assessing Preadjudication Detention	110	(5)
The Role of Legal Factors	110	(1)
The Role of Extralegal Factors	111	(3)
Reflections on the Use of Pretrial Detention	114	(1)
Why Preadjudicatory Diversion?	115	(5)
Diversionary Philosophy	115	(1)
Diversionary Purposes	116	(1)
Formal Diversionary Programs: A Created Need?	117	(3)
Diversionary Programs	120	(2)
Operational Perspectives	120	(2)
Assessing Preadjudication Diversion	122	(2)
Summary	124	(5)
Critical Review Questions	125	(1)
Recommended Readings	126	(1)
Key Terms	126	(1)
Notes	127	(2)
Juvenile Court Processes	129	(36)
Age and the Law	132	(2)
A New Court Is Established	134	(1)
Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court	134	(7)
Geographical Jurisdiction	134	(1)
Age Jurisdiction	135	(3)
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction	138	(3)
The Actors in the Juvenile Courts	141	(9)
Judges	141	(2)
Prosecutors	143	(1)
Defense Attorneys	144	(4)
Intake Worker and Probation Officers	148	(1)
Detention Center Staff	149	(1)
Types of Hearings	150	(4)
Detention Hearings	150	(1)
Transfer Hearings	150	(1)
Adjudicatory Hearings	151	(1)
Dispositional Hearings	151	(3)
Organization and Structure of Juvenile Courts	154	(2)
Issues Facing the Juvenile Court	156	(4)
Redefinition of Juvenile Court Jurisdiction	156	(1)
Elimination of the Juvenile Court	157	(1)
Stature of the Juvenile Court	157	(1)
Qualifications of Judges	157	(1)
Attorneys in the Juvenile Court	158	(1)
Transferring Juveniles to Adult Court	158	(2)
Summary	160	(5)
Critical Review Questions	161	(1)
Recommended Readings	162	(1)
Key Terms	163	(2)
Juvenile Probation	165	(32)
Defining Probation: The Basics	168	(1)
A Brief History of Probation	169	(1)
Juvenile Probation Services	169	(5)
Intake and Case Screening	171	(1)
Social History and Other Investigations	172	(1)
Client Supervision	172	(1)
Service Delivery	173	(1)
Delivering Probation Services	174	(4)
Formal versus Informal Probation	174	(2)
Trends in Probation	176	(2)
Probation Conditions	178	(4)
The Probation Plan	178	(1)
Assessing the Conditions of Probation: How Good Must They Be?	179	(3)
Probation Revocation	182	(1)
Probation Revocation: The Legal Issues	182	(1)
The Scope of Probation	183	(4)
The Organization of Juvenile Probation Agencies	187	(1)
The Future of Juvenile Probation	188	(4)
Specialization and Job Differentiation	189	(1)
Increasing Use of Technology	189	(1)
Coordination of Service Delivery	190	(1)
Consolidation of Youth-Serving Functions	191	(1)
The Role of Parents in Juvenile Probation	191	(1)
Reinventing Juvenile Probation	192	(1)
Summary	192	(5)
Critical Review Questions	193	(1)
Recommended Readings	194	(1)
Key Terms	194	(1)
Notes	195	(2)
Juvenile Institutional Corrections	197	(34)
Historical Developments in Juvenile Corrections	199	(4)
The Pre-Industrial Era and Family-Centered Punishments (1600s to 1820s)	199	(1)
The Jacksonian Era and the Houses of Refuge (1820s to 1850s)	200	(1)
The Victorian-Era Child Savers and Reform Schools (1850s to 1890s)	200	(2)
The Progressive-Era Child Savers and Training Schools (1880s to 1920s)	202	(1)
The ``Modern Era'' of Juvenile Institutions (1920 to 1970s and Beyond)	203	(1)
The Purposes of Secure Correctional Placements	203	(3)
Retribution	203	(1)
Incapacitation	204	(2)
Deterrence	206	(1)
Rehabilitation	206	(1)
Restitution	206	(1)
Organizational Goals: Custody versus Treatment	206	(2)
Trends in Juvenile Corrections: Policies and Practices	208	(1)
Incarcerated Juveniles: Trends and Inmate Characteristics	209	(8)
Trends for Delinquent Offenders	210	(2)
Trends for Status Offenders	212	(1)
Gender: Trends and Inmate Characteristics	213	(2)
Race and Ethnicity: Trends and Inmate Characteristics	215	(2)
Inside Juvenile Institutional Corrections	217	(7)
Who Is at Risk? Classifying and Assessing Inmates	218	(2)
Conditions of Confinement in Juvenile Corrections	220	(4)
Unresolved Issues and Legal Dilemmas	224	(3)
The Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act	224	(2)
Disabled Juveniles in Custody	226	(1)
Summary	227	(4)
Critical Review Questions	228	(1)
Recommended Reading	229	(1)
Key Terms	229	(1)
Notes	229	(2)
Juvenile Parole and Aftercare	231	(34)
The Development of Parole	235	(1)
Purposes of Parole	236	(2)
The Use of Parole as a Prerelease Mechanism	238	(1)
The Administration of Juvenile Parole	238	(5)
Commitment Length and Parole Duration	239	(1)
Granting Juvenile Parole	240	(1)
Service Providers	241	(2)
Parole Officers and Supervision	243	(2)
Juvenile Parole Systems and Resource Allocation	244	(1)
Parole Conditions and Revocations	245	(4)
Parole Conditions	245	(2)
Parole Revocations	247	(2)
Intensive Aftercare Supervision	249	(6)
Discretion and Parole Decision Making	249	(1)
Parole and Public Safety	249	(1)
OJJDP's Intensive Aftercare Program	250	(5)
Special-Needs Populations	255	(4)
Sex Offenders	255	(1)
Chemically Dependent Offenders	256	(1)
Mentally Ill and Mentally Retarded Offenders	256	(1)
Gang-Involved Youths	257	(2)
Managing Special-Needs Offenders	259	(1)
Summary	259	(6)
Critical Review Questions	261	(1)
Recommended Readings	262	(1)
Key Terms	263	(1)
Notes	263	(2)
Nondelinquent Children in the Juvenile Justice System	265	(32)
Dependent Children	269	(4)
The Police Response	270	(1)
The Juvenile Court Response	271	(1)
Changes in Dependency Status	271	(2)
Neglected and Abused Children	273	(12)
Definitions of Neglect	273	(3)
Definitions of Abuse	276	(4)
The Scope of the Child Maltreatment Problem	280	(5)
The Responsibilities of Investigating Agencies	285	(3)
Families, Friends, and Neighbors	285	(1)
School Officials	286	(1)
Law Enforcement Agencies	286	(1)
Health Care Agencies	287	(1)
Child Protective Services	287	(1)
Agency Cooperation	288	(1)
Juvenile Court Jurisdiction Issues	288	(5)
Jurisdiction over Nondelinquent Children	288	(4)
Jurisdiction over Parents and Guardians	292	(1)
Summary	293	(4)
Critical Review Questions	294	(1)
Recommended Readings	295	(1)
Key Terms	295	(1)
Notes	296	(1)
Gangs: A Special Juvenile Justice Problem	297	(34)
The Golden Era of Gang Studies	300	(2)
Gangs and Evolving Delinquency Theory	302	(1)
Resurgence of Gangs in the 1980s	303	(1)
Definitions of Gangs	304	(5)
Age	305	(1)
Number	305	(1)
Activity	306	(1)
Organization	306	(1)
Outward Identifiers	306	(2)
Turf or Territoriality	308	(1)
Recruitment and Initiation	308	(1)
Gang Organization	309	(2)
Environmental Factors	311	(2)
The Demographics of Gangs	313	(3)
Gender	314	(1)
Race or Ethnicity	314	(2)
Gangs and Drugs	316	(1)
Gang Migration	317	(1)
Community Reactions	318	(1)
Responding to Gangs	319	(7)
Gang Prevention	320	(2)
Gang Intervention	322	(2)
Gang Suppression	324	(1)
Risk-Based Responses	325	(1)
Staying Out and Getting Out	326	(1)
Summary	326	(5)
Critical Review Questions	327	(1)
Recommended Readings	328	(1)
Key Terms	329	(1)
Notes	329	(2)
Delinquency Prevention	331	(30)
The Central Ideas	334	(2)
The Language of Prevention	335	(1)
Delinquency: Its Prevention and Control	336	(1)
A Brief History of Delinquency Prevention	337	(3)
The Chicago Area Project	337	(2)
The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study	339	(1)
The Federal Role in Delinquency Prevention	340	(2)
OJJDP and Delinquency Prevention	341	(1)
The Landscape of Juvenile Prevention Programs	342	(13)
Community-Based Delinquency Prevention	344	(2)
School-Based and Education-Related Delinquency Prevention	346	(5)
Family-Based Delinquency Prevention	351	(4)
Summary	355	(6)
Critical Review Questions	357	(1)
Recommended Readings	358	(1)
Key Terms	358	(1)
Notes	358	(3)
The Future of the Juvenile Justice System	361	(30)
The Search for a Guiding Philosophy	363	(5)
Past Practices, Future Policies: The Challenges Ahead	363	(3)
New Views of Old Ideas: Old Wine in New Casks?	366	(1)
The Juvenile Justice System: A Look to the Future	366	(2)
Juvenile Justice Personnel in the Future	368	(3)
Judges	368	(1)
Attorneys	368	(1)
Correctional Custody Personnel	369	(1)
Community Supervision Personnel	370	(1)
Beyond the Best Interests of the Child: Forces Shaping Juvenile Justice Policy	371	(7)
Technology and Juvenile Justice Policy	372	(1)
Public Opinion and Juvenile Justice Policy	373	(1)
Guns and Youth Crime	374	(3)
Drugs and Juvenile Crime	377	(1)
Evidence-Based and Theory-Based Juvenile Justice	378	(4)
Career Criminals and Juvenile Justice Policy	378	(3)
Dealing with the Hyper-Delinquent	381	(1)
Juvenile Justice: Are Rumors of Its Demise Premature?	382	(4)
Keep the Juvenile Justice System	383	(1)
One Justice System, One System of Justice	383	(3)
Summary	386	(5)
Critical Review Questions	387	(1)
Recommended Readings	388	(1)
Key Terms	389	(1)
Notes	389	(2)
Glossary	391	(18)
References	409	(30)
Author Index	439	(6)
Subject Index	445