Juvenile Justice: An Introduction

by Whitehead, John T.

• ISBN13: 9781583605417
• ISBN10: 158360541X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction-The Definition and Extent of Delinquency	1	(28)
Introduction	1	(1)
Defining Delinquency	2	(6)
Criminal Law Definitions	2	(1)
Status Offense Definitions	3	(1)
Social/Criminological Definitions	4	(2)
What is a Juvenile?	6	(2)
The Extent of Delinquency	8	(19)
Official Measures of Delinquency	9	(11)
Uniform Crime Reports	10	(5)
Juvenile Court Statistics	15	(2)
Juvenile Corrections Statistics	17	(2)
Summary of Official Statistics	19	(1)
Self-Report Measures of Delinquency	20	(5)
Age Distribution	23	(1)
Race Distribution	23	(1)
Social Class Distribution	23	(1)
Sex Distribution	24	(1)
Critique of Self-Report Data	24	(1)
Victimization Measures of Delinquency	25	(1)
Comparing the Delinquency Measures	26	(1)
Summary	27	(1)
Discussion Questions	28	(1)
Chapter 2 The History of Juvenile Justice	29	(20)
Introduction	29	(1)
Property and Person	29	(4)
The Rise of Juvenile Institutions	33	(4)
Houses of Refuge	34	(1)
New Reformatories	35	(1)
Institutions for Females	36	(1)
The Establishment of the Juvenile Court	37	(6)
The Growth of the Juvenile Court	37	(2)
The Legal Philosophy of the Court	39	(3)
Problems of the Court	42	(1)
Benevolence or Self-Interest?	43	(2)
Juvenile Justice from 1920-1960's	45	(1)
Changes Since the 1970's	46	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Discussion Questions	47	(2)
Chapter 3 Explaining Delinquency-Biological and Psychological Approaches	49	(30)
Introduction	49	(1)
Theoretical Schools of Thought	50	(4)
The Classical School	50	(2)
The Positivistic School	52	(1)
Neoclassicism and a Summary	53	(1)
Biological and Sociobiological Theories	54	(11)
Physical Appearance	54	(3)
Lombroso's Atavism	54	(2)
Somatotypes	56	(1)
Genetic-Inheritance Studies	57	(3)
Twin Studies	57	(1)
Adoption Studies	58	(1)
Chromosomal Explanations	59	(1)
Biosocial Factors	60	(4)
Endocrine/Hormone Influences	61	(1)
Orthomolecular/Chemical Imbalances	62	(1)
The Central Nervous System	63	(1)
Implications for Juvenile Justice	64	(1)
Psychological Explanations	65	(11)
Psychoanalytic Explanations	65	(3)
Developmental Approaches	68	(4)
Interpersonal Maturity	68	(1)
Moral Development	69	(1)
Learning Theories	70	(2)
Personality and Delinquency	72	(2)
Mental Deficiency and Delinquency	74	(2)
Implications for Juvenile Justice	76	(1)
Summary	76	(1)
Discussion Questions	77	(2)
Chapter 4 Sociological Explanations of Delinquency	79	(32)
Introduction	79	(1)
The Ecological Perspective	80	(5)
Concentric Zones	81	(1)
Shaw and McKay: Social Disorganization	82	(1)
Social Areas	83	(1)
Critique of the Ecological Approach	84	(1)
Learning Theory	85	(3)
Sutherland: Differential Association	85	(2)
Modifications in Differential Association	87	(1)
Subcultural Theories	88	(5)
The Work of Cohen and Miller	89	(2)
Sykes and Matza: Techniques of Neutralization	91	(1)
Critique of the Subcultural Approach	92	(1)
Routine Activities and Rational Choice	93	(1)
Anomie and Strain	94	(4)
The Form of Society and Anomie	95	(1)
Merton: Modes of Adaptation	96	(1)
General Strain Theory	97	(1)
Assessing Strain Theory	97	(1)
Social Control Theory	98	(5)
Hirschi: Control Theory	99	(1)
Reckless: Containment Theory	100	(2)
Self-Control Theory	102	(1)
The Labeling Perspective	103	(4)
The Construction of Self-Image	103	(1)
Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance	104	(1)
Status Degradation	105	(1)
The Impact of the Labeling Perspective	105	(2)
The Integration and Elaboration of Theories	107	(1)
The Impact of Theories on Juvenile Justice	108	(1)
Summary	109	(1)
Discussion Questions	110	(1)
Chapter 5 Gang Delinquency	111	(34)
Introduction	111	(2)
Gangs Defined	113	(2)
Early Gang Research	115	(2)
Thrasher's Gangs	115	(1)
Bloch and Neiderhoffer: Gangs as a Natural Response	116	(1)
Yablonsky: Near Groups	117	(1)
The Extent of Gang Membership	117	(3)
Characteristics of Gangs	120	(6)
Age	120	(1)
Social Class	121	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	122	(1)
Females and Gangs	123	(1)
Organization and Size	124	(1)
Gang Migration	125	(1)
Summary	126	(1)
Why Do Youths Join Gangs?	126	(2)
Gang Behavior	128	(8)
Do Gangs Cause Delinquency?	130	(1)
Gang Behavior and Types of Gangs	130	(1)
Drug Activity	131	(1)
Gang Violence	132	(1)
Firearms and Gang/Delinquent Behavior	133	(2)
Explaining Gang Behavior	135	(1)
Interventions	136	(6)
Detached Worker Programs	137	(1)
Legal/Law Enforcement Efforts	138	(1)
The G.R.E.A.T. Program	139	(2)
Overview of Interventions	141	(1)
Summary	142	(1)
Discussion Questions	143	(2)
Chapter 6 Drugs and Delinquency	145	(30)
Introduction	145	(1)
Gauging the Extent of Drug Use	146	(7)
Drug Use Among Adolescents	146	(5)
The Extent of Drug Use Among Offenders	151	(1)
A Summary of Youthful Drug Use	152	(1)
The Drugs-Delinquency Connection	153	(4)
Possible Relationships	153	(2)
Research on the Drugs-Delinquency Relationship	155	(2)
Delinquency Causes Drug Use	155	(1)
Drug Use Causes Delinquency	156	(1)
Reciprocity and Spuriousness	156	(1)
Summarizing the Relationship	157	(1)
Interventions	157	(13)
Treatment Approaches	158	(4)
Maintenance and Detoxification Programs	158	(2)
Therapeutic/Residential Communities and Outpatient Programs	160	(2)
Treatment Summary	162	(1)
Prevention Approaches	162	(8)
The "Just Say No" Campaign and Similar Programs	163	(1)
Knowledge/Education Programs	164	(1)
Affective Approaches	165	(1)
Life Skills Training Approaches	165	(1)
The D.A.R.E. Program	166	(3)
Prevention Summary	169	(1)
Alternative Responses to Drug Use	170	(2)
Law Enforcement	170	(1)
Toughlove	171	(1)
Ready Availability of Drugs	171	(1)
Summary: The Response of the Juvenile Justice System	172	(2)
Discussion Questions	174	(1)
Chapter 7 Policing and Juveniles	175	(26)
Introduction	175	(1)
Statistics on Police Work with Juveniles	176	(1)
The Police Role	177	(7)
Community Policing	177	(3)
"Broken Windows" Policing	180	(1)
Questions about "Broken Windows" Policing	181	(3)
Citizen Attitudes Toward Police	184	(4)
Implications of the Attitudinal Research	188	(1)
Three Recent Issues in Policing Concerning Juveniles	188	(5)
Racial Profiling	189	(1)
Juvenile Curfew Laws	190	(2)
Assistance with Intensive Supervision of Probationers	192	(1)
Police Effectiveness	193	(1)
Police Use of Excessive Force (Brutality)	194	(3)
Deadly Force	196	(1)
Summary	197	(2)
Discussion Questions	199	(2)
Chapter 8 The Juvenile Court Process	201	(38)
Introduction	201	(1)
Detention	202	(8)
Detention Options	204	(1)
Detention Decisionmaking	205	(1)
Detention Programming	206	(3)
Positive Programs	209	(1)
Detention Workers	209	(1)
Detention Alternatives	210	(2)
Home Detention	211	(1)
Bail	211	(1)
The Intake Decision	212	(6)
Informal Adjustment	212	(2)
The Prosecutor's Role	214	(2)
Research on Intake Decisionmaking	216	(2)
Processing Juveniles in Adult Criminal Court	218	(6)
The Effectiveness of Transfer and Other Methods of Processing Juveniles in Adult Court	219	(4)
Youth and Worker Attitudes	223	(1)
Adjudication and Disposition	224	(12)
Attorneys in Juvenile Court	224	(3)
Plea Bargaining	227	(1)
Attorney Effectiveness	227	(2)
Jury Trials for Juveniles	229	(1)
The Recent Emphasis on Punitiveness	230	(2)
Dispositional Decisionmaking	232	(4)
Summary	236	(1)
Discussion Questions	236	(3)
Chapter 9 Due Process and Juveniles	239	(30)
Introduction	239	(1)
The Landmark Supreme Court Cases	239	(4)
Kent v. United States	240	(1)
In re Gault	241	(1)
In re Winship	242	(1)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania	242	(1)
Additional Supreme Court Rulings	243	(3)
Breed v. Jones: A Ruling on Waiver	243	(1)
Fare v. Michael C.: A Ruling on Interrogation	244	(2)
Schall v. Martin: A Ruling on Preventive Detention	246	(1)
Search and Seizure	246	(2)
Rights in School	248	(13)
Corporal Punishment	248	(3)
Freedom of Speech for Students	251	(8)
Student Searches	259	(2)
Rights at Home and in the Community	261	(5)
The Constitutionality of Curfews	261	(2)
The Legal Drinking Age	263	(3)
Summary	266	(1)
Discussion Questions	267	(2)
Chapter 10 Institutional/Residential Interventions	269	(20)
Introduction	269	(1)
Institutional Corrections for Juveniles	269	(1)
State Training Schools	270	(4)
Description	270	(1)
Training School Programs for Residents	271	(3)
Other Placements	274	(3)
Boot Camps	274	(3)
Program Effectiveness	277	(2)
Reviews of Multiple Studies	277	(1)
Conclusions about Program Effectiveness	278	(1)
Institutional Life	279	(5)
Victimization	279	(3)
Racial Tension	282	(1)
The Inmate Code	282	(1)
Deprivation of Heterosexual Contact	283	(1)
New Directions in Institutional Interventions	284	(3)
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders	284	(1)
General Deinstitutionalization (Closing Training Schools)	285	(1)
Blended Sentencing	286	(1)
Wilderness Programs	287	(1)
Summary	287	(1)
Discussion Questions	288	(1)
Chapter 11 Juvenile Probation/Community Corrections	289	(20)
Introduction	289	(1)
Probation	289	(3)
Social History (Predisposition) Investigations	290	(1)
Probation Supervision	291	(1)
Aftercare	292	(1)
Supervision and Counseling	292	(1)
Current Trends in Community Supervision	293	(7)
The Balanced Approach	294	(1)
The Punitive Model: Attack (Tough) Probation	294	(2)
Renewed Emphasis on Status Offenses	296	(1)
Restorative Justice	297	(1)
Peacemaking	298	(1)
Current Trends: What Does the Future Hold?	298	(1)
Effectiveness of Juvenile Probation and Related Sanctions	299	(1)
Effective and Ineffective Treatment Interventions with Offenders	300	(5)
Additional Factors Related to Effectiveness	303	(2)
Continuing Concerns in Community Corrections	305	(2)
Goal Confusion	305	(1)
Restitution	306	(1)
Community Service	307	(1)
Summary	307	(1)
Discussion Questions	308	(1)
Chapter 12 The Victimization of Juveniles	309	(26)
Introduction	309	(1)
The Extent of Victimization	310	(7)
General Victimization	310	(2)
Victimization in Schools	312	(4)
Child Abuse and Neglect	316	(1)
Explaining Juvenile Victimization	317	(4)
From Victim-Blaming to Lifestyle	318	(1)
Explanations of Child Abuse and Neglect	319	(2)
Responses to Victimization	321	(6)
Immediate Responses	321	(1)
Fear of Crime as a Response	322	(1)
Avoidance	323	(1)
Resorting to Weapons	324	(1)
Grouping Together to Respond	325	(1)
Peer Mediation and Other Responses to Victimization	325	(1)
Summary of Victimization Responses	326	(1)
The Role of Formal Social Control Agencies	327	(5)
Child Protective Services	327	(1)
The Juvenile Court	328	(2)
The Criminal Court	330	(1)
Domestic Relations Court	331	(1)
Summary: The Need to Recognize the Victim	332	(1)
Discussion Questions	333	(2)
Chapter 13 Future Directions in Juvenile Justice	335	(34)
Introduction	335	(1)
Proposals for Reforming Juvenile Court	336	(9)
Rehabilitating the Rehabilitative Parens Patriae Court	336	(1)
A Critic of the Rehabilitative Juvenile Court	337	(1)
A Criminalized Juvenile Court	338	(1)
Abolishing Juvenile Court	338	(2)
Creating a New Juvenile Court	340	(3)
A "Youth Justice System" within Adult Criminal Court	343	(1)
A Restorative Justice Juvenile Court	343	(2)
Zimring's Caution	345	(1)
Summary	345	(1)
Broader Issues	345	(10)
Race and Juvenile Court	346	(1)
The Need to Rebuild Community	347	(2)
The Role of the Family	349	(1)
Character Education	349	(1)
Social Support for Families	350	(1)
The Political Economy and Juvenile Court	351	(2)
Reintroducing the Spiritual Dimension into Corrections	353	(2)
Capital Punishment for Juveniles	355	(5)
Jurisdiction over Status Offenses	360	(5)
Arguments for Ending Jurisdiction	361	(2)
Arguments for Continuing Jurisdiction	363	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	365	(2)
Discussion Questions	367	(2)
References	369	(42)
Glossary	411	(14)
Subject Index	425	(14)
Name Index	439	(12)
Case Index	451