Keeping the Republic : Power and Citizenship in American Politics: Pre Election Edition

by Unknown

• ISBN13: 9780395714102
• ISBN10: 0395714109
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-04-20
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Preface	x
To the Student	xvi
Politics: Who Gets What, and How?	2	(26)
What's At Stake?	3	(2)
What Is Politics?	5	(5)
Politics and Government	6	(1)
Politics and Economics	7	(2)
Rules and Institutions	9	(1)
Varieties of Political Systems and the Concept of Citizenship	10	(5)
Authoritarian Systems	11	(1)
Democracy	12	(1)
Anarchy	13	(1)
Meanings of Citizenship	13	(2)
Origins of Democracy in America	15	(2)
The Ancient Greek Experience	15	(1)
Politics in the Middle Ages	15	(1)
The Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment	16	(1)
The Birth of American Democracy	17	(2)
The Dangers of Democracy	17	(1)
Citizenship in America	17	(2)
Themes of This Book	19	(5)
What's At Stake Revisited	24	(4)
Key Terms	25	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Suggested Resources	26
Consider the Source: Thinking Like a Political Scientist	22	(6)
American Citizens and Political Culture	28	(36)
What's At Stake?	29	(1)
Who Is an American Citizen, and Who Is Not?	30	(7)
American Citizenship	30	(1)
Nonimmigrants	31	(2)
Who Makes Immigration Policy and Why?	33	(4)
Who, What, How	37	(1)
Snapshots of America	37	(18)
Who Are We?	38	(2)
Where Do We Come From?	40	(2)
What Do Our Families Look Like?	42	(2)
What Do We Believe?	44	(2)
How Do We Earn Our Money?	46	(2)
How Do We Spend Our Money?	48	(2)
How Do We Contribute to Our Communities?	50	(5)
What We Believe	55	(5)
American Political Culture: Ideas That Unite	55	(3)
American Ideologies: Ideas That Divide	58	(2)
Who, What, How	60	(1)
The Citizens and American Political Beliefs	60	(2)
What's At Stake Revisited	62	(2)
Key Terms	62	(1)
Summary	62	(1)
Suggested Resources	63
Consider the Source: How to Be a Critical Reader of Charts and Graphs	52	(12)
Politics of the American Founding	64	(38)
What's At Stake?	65	(2)
The First Battles for America	67	(4)
Who, What, How	71	(1)
The English Settlers	71	(4)
Reasons for Leaving England	71	(2)
Political Participation in the Colonies	73	(2)
Who, What, How	75	(1)
The Split from England	76	(6)
British Attempts to Gain Control of the Colonies	76	(1)
Changing Ideas About Politics	77	(1)
Conflicting Interests	77	(1)
Revolution	78	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	78	(2)
``...that all men are created equal''	80	(2)
Who, What, How	82	(1)
The Articles of Confederation	83	(2)
What Is a Constitution?	83	(1)
The Provisions of the Articles	84	(1)
Some Winners, Some Losers	84	(1)
Who, What, How	85	(1)
The Constitutional Convention	86	(5)
``An Assembly of Demigods''	87	(1)
How Strong a Central Government?	88	(1)
Large States, Small States	89	(1)
North and South	90	(1)
Who, What, How	91	(1)
Ratification	92	(3)
Federalists versus Anti-Federalists	92	(1)
The Federalist Papers	93	(2)
The Final Vote	95	(1)
Who, What, How	95	(1)
The Citizens and the Founding	96	(2)
Competing Elites	97	(1)
The Rise of the ``Ordinary'' Citizen	97	(1)
What's At Stake Revisited	98	(4)
Key Terms	99	(1)
Summary	99	(1)
Suggested Resources	100
Consider the Source: Reading Your Textbook With a Critical Eye	68	(34)
The Constitution	102	(36)
What's At Stake?	103	(3)
Federalism	106	(9)
What Does the Constitution Say?	107	(1)
Possible Alternatives to Federalism	108	(1)
The Changing Balance: American Federalism Over Time	109	(6)
Two Views of Federalism	115	(1)
Who, What, How	115	(1)
The Institutions	116	(9)
The Legislative Branch	116	(4)
The Executive Branch	120	(3)
The Judicial Branch	123	(2)
Who, What, How	125	(1)
Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances	126	(3)
Republican Remedies	126	(2)
What Does the Constitution Say?	128	(1)
Possible Alternatives: Fusion of Powers?	128	(1)
Who, What, How	129	(1)
Amendability	129	(3)
What Does the Constitution Say?	130	(2)
Possible Alternatives: Making the Constitution Easier or Harder to Amend	132	(1)
Who, What, How	132	(1)
The Citizens and the Constitution	133	(1)
What's At Stake Revisited	134	(4)
Key Terms	135	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
Suggested Resources	136
Consider the Source: Reading Constitutions with a Critical Eye	131	(7)
Fundamental American Liberties	138	(50)
What's At Stake?	139	(2)
Rights in a Democracy	141	(6)
Rights and the Power of the People	142	(1)
When Rights Conflict	143	(1)
How Do We Resolve Conflicts About Rights?	144	(3)
Who, What, How	147	(1)
The Bill of Rights and the States	147	(4)
Why Is a Bill of Rights Valuable?	148	(1)
Applying the Bill of Rights to the States	149	(2)
Who, What, How	151	(1)
Freedom of Religion	152	(5)
Why Is Religious Freedom Valuable?	152	(1)
The Establishment Clause: Separationists versus Accommodationists	153	(2)
The Free Exercise Clause: When Can States Regulate Religious Behavior?	155	(1)
When Is a Religion a Religion?	156	(1)
Who, What, How	157	(1)
Freedom of Expression	158	(9)
Why Is Freedom of Expression Valuable?	158	(1)
Speech That Criticizes the Government	159	(2)
Symbolic Speech	161	(1)
Freedom of Assembly	162	(1)
Obscenity and Pornography	163	(1)
Fighting Words and Offensive Speech	164	(1)
Freedom of the Press	165	(2)
Censorship on the Internet	167	(1)
Who, What, How	167	(3)
The Right to Bear Arms	170	(2)
Why is the Right to Bear Arms Valuable?	170	(2)
Judicial Decisions	172	(1)
Who, What, How	172	(1)
The Rights of Criminal Defendants	172	(6)
Why Are the Rights of Criminal Defendants Valuable?	173	(1)
Unreasonable Searches and Seizures	174	(1)
The Right Against Self-Incrimination	175	(1)
The Right to Counsel	176	(1)
Cruel and Unusual Punishment	177	(1)
Who, What, How	178	(1)
The Right to Privacy	179	(4)
Why Is the Right to Privacy Valuable?	179	(1)
Reproductive Rights	180	(1)
Gay Rights	181	(1)
The Right to Die	182	(1)
Who, What, How	183	(1)
The Citizens and Civil Liberties	183	(2)
What's At Stake Revisited	185	(3)
Key Terms	186	(1)
Summary	186	(1)
Suggested Resources	187
Consider the Source: How to Be a Savvy Web Surfer	168	(20)
The Struggle for Equal Rights	188	(52)
What's At Stake?	189	(3)
The Meaning of Political Inequality	192	(4)
When Can the Law Treat People Differently?	192	(2)
Why Do We Deny Rights?	194	(1)
Different Kinds of Equality	195	(1)
Who, What, How	196	(1)
Rights Denied on the Basis of Race: African Americans	196	(14)
Blacks in America Before the Civil War	197	(1)
The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers	197	(3)
The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy	200	(3)
The Civil Rights Movement	203	(6)
Blacks in Contemporary American Politics	209	(1)
Who, What, How	210	(1)
Rights Denied on the Basis of Race and Ethnicity: Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans	210	(10)
Native Americans	210	(3)
Hispanic Americans	213	(4)
Asian Americans	217	(3)
Who, What, How	220	(1)
Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender: Women	221	(9)
Women's Place in the Early Nineteenth Century	222	(1)
The Birth of the Women's Rights Movement	222	(1)
The Struggle in the States	223	(2)
Winners and Losers in the Suffrage Movement	225	(1)
The Equal Rights Amendment	226	(1)
Gender Discrimination Today	227	(3)
Who, What, How	230	(1)
Rights Denied on Other Bases	230	(5)
Sexual Orientation	230	(3)
Age	233	(1)
Disability	233	(1)
Citizenship	234	(1)
Who, What, How	235	(1)
The Citizens and Civil Rights Today	236	(2)
What's At Stake Revisited	238	(2)
Key Terms	239	(1)
Summary	239	(1)
Suggested Resources	240
Consider the Source: How to Be a Critical Movie Reviewer	204	(36)
Congress	240	(52)
What's At Stake?	241	(3)
Congress: Representation and Lawmaking	244	(4)
Four Kinds of Representation	244	(2)
National Lawmaking	246	(2)
Who, What, How	248	(1)
Congressional Powers and Responsibilities	249	(4)
Differences Between the House and the Senate	249	(2)
Congressional Checks and Balances	251	(2)
Who, What, How	253	(1)
Congressional Elections: Choosing the Members	253	(11)
Congressional Districts	253	(2)
Deciding to Run	255	(5)
A Representative Body: What Does Congress Look Like?	260	(4)
Who, What, How	264	(1)
How Congress Works: Organization	264	(10)
The Central Role of Party	264	(1)
The Leadership	265	(4)
The Committee System	269	(3)
Congressional Resources	272	(2)
Who, What, How	274	(1)
How Congress Works: Process and Politics	274	(11)
The Context of Congressional Policymaking	274	(1)
How a Bill Becomes a Law---Some of the Time	275	(7)
The Mechanics of Congressional Decision Making	282	(2)
How Well Does Congress Work?	284	(1)
Who, What, How	285	(1)
The Citizens and Congress	286	(3)
Why the Public Dislikes Congress	286	(2)
Prospects for the Future	288	(1)
What's At Stake Revisited	289	(3)
Key Terms	290	(1)
Summary	290	(1)
Suggested Resources	291
Consider the Source: How to Be a Critical Constituent	246	(46)
The Presidency	292	(50)
What's At Stake?	293	(1)
The Double Expectations Gap	294	(6)
The Gap Between Presidential Promises and the Powers of the Office	295	(1)
The Gap Between Conflicting Roles	296	(4)
Who, What, How	300	(1)
The Evolution of the American Presidency	301	(12)
The Framers' Design for a Limited Executive	301	(2)
Qualifications and Conditions of Office	303	(3)
The Consititutional Power of the President	306	(5)
The Traditional Presidency	311	(1)
The Modern Presidency: FDR to Clinton	312	(1)
Who, What, How	313	(1)
Presidential Politics: The Struggle for Power	314	(7)
The Expectations Gap and the Need for Persuasive Power	314	(1)
Going Public	315	(3)
Working with Congress	318	(3)
Who, What, How	321	(1)
Managing the Presidential Establishment	322	(10)
The Cabinet	322	(2)
Executive Office of the President (EOP)	324	(1)
White House Office	324	(2)
The Vice President	326	(1)
The First Lady	327	(2)
The Problem of Control	329	(3)
Who, What, How	332	(1)
Personal Resources: Presidential Personality and Style	332	(3)
Shared Presidential Traits	332	(1)
Classifying Presidential Character	333	(1)
Presidential Style	334	(1)
Who, What, How	335	(1)
The Citizens and the Presidency	336	(2)
What's At Stake Revisited	338	(4)
Key Terms	340	(1)
Summary	340	(1)
Suggested Resources	341
Consider the Source: How to Be a Savvy Student of Political Cartoons	298	(44)
The Bureaucracy	342	(40)
What's At Stake?	343	(2)
What Is Bureaucracy?	345	(4)
The Spoils System	345	(1)
Why Is Bureaucracy Necessary?	346	(1)
Bureaucracy and Democracy	346	(1)
Accountability and Rules	347	(1)
Consequences of a Rule-based System	348	(1)
Who, What, How	349	(1)
The American Federal Bureaucracy	349	(11)
Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy	349	(2)
Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy	351	(6)
Roles of the Federal Bureaucracy	357	(2)
Who Are the Federal Bureaucrats?	359	(1)
Who, What, How	360	(1)
Politics Inside the Bureaucracy	361	(8)
Bureaucratic Culture	361	(6)
Presidential Appointees and the Career Civil Service	367	(1)
Getting Ahead in the Bureaucracy	368	(1)
Who, What, How	369	(1)
External Bureaucratic Politics	369	(7)
Interagency Politics	369	(2)
The Bureaucracy and the President	371	(2)
The Bureaucracy and Congress	373	(2)
The Bureaucracy and the Courts	375	(1)
Who, What, How	376	(1)
The Citizens and the Bureaucracy	377	(2)
What's At Stake Revisited	379	(3)
Key Terms	380	(1)
Summary	380	(1)
Suggested Resources	381
Consider the Source: How to Decipher Bureaucratese	364	(18)
The American Legal System and the Courts	382	(44)
What's At Stake?	383	(3)
Law and the American Legal System	386	(9)
The Role of Law in Democratic Societies	386	(2)
The American Legal Tradition	388	(3)
Kinds of Law	391	(4)
Who, What, How	395	(1)
Constitutional Provisions and the Development of Judicial Review	396	(2)
The Least Dangerous Branch	396	(1)
John Marshall and Judicial Review	397	(1)
Who, What, How	398	(1)
The Structure and Organization of the Dual Court System	399	(8)
Understanding Jurisdiction	399	(3)
State Courts	402	(1)
Federal Courts	403	(4)
Who, What, How	407	(1)
Politics and the Supreme Court	407	(12)
How Members of the Court Are Selected	408	(6)
How the Court Makes Decisions	414	(4)
The Political Effects of Judicial Decisions	418	(1)
Who, What, How	419	(1)
The Citizens and the Courts	420	(3)
What's At Stake Revisited	423	(3)
Key Terms	424	(1)
Summary	424	(1)
Suggested Resources	425
Consider the Source: A Critical Guide to Going to Court	392	(34)
Federal, State, and Local Government	426	(40)
What's At Stake?	427	(2)
Federalism Today	429	(9)
The Structure of Federalism	429	(1)
The Politics of Contemporary Federalism	430	(6)
The Move Toward Devolution	436	(2)
Who, What, How	438	(1)
The Context of State Politics: Culture and Policy	438	(4)
State Political Cultures	439	(2)
Culture and Policy in the States	441	(1)
Who, What, How	442	(1)
Rules of the Game: Constitutions and Democracy	442	(7)
The Nature of State Constitutions	443	(1)
Waves of Reform	444	(1)
Direct Democracy Today	445	(3)
Direction of Current Reforms: Toward Stronger State Government	448	(1)
Who, What, How	449	(1)
State Institutions	449	(8)
The Legislators and the Legislatures	449	(3)
The Governors: Growing Yet Fragmented Power	452	(3)
The State Courts	455	(2)
Who, What, How	457	(1)
Local Governments	457	(4)
A Multiplicity of Forms	458	(1)
The Special problems of the Cities	459	(1)
State and Local Relations	460	(1)
Who, What, How	461	(1)
The Citizens and State and Local Government	461	(2)
Competition and Policy in the States and Localities	462	(1)
Intergovernmental Cooperation	462	(1)
What's At Stake Revisited	463	(3)
Key Terms	464	(1)
Summary	465	(1)
Suggested Resources	465
Consider the Source: How to Read the Op-Ed Pages with a Critical Eye	450	(16)
Public Opinion	466	(44)
What's At Stake?	467	(1)
The Role of Public Opinion in a Democracy	468	(4)
Why We Think Public Opinion Ought to Matter	469	(2)
Why Public Opinion Does Matter	471	(1)
Who, What, How	472	(1)
Measuring and Tracking Public Opinion	472	(9)
Learnign About Public Opinion Without Polls	472	(2)
The Development of Modern Public Opinion Polls	474	(1)
The Quality of Opinion Polling Today	475	(3)
Types of Polls	478	(3)
Who, What, How	481	(2)
Citizen Values: How Do We Measure Up?	483	(5)
Political Knowledge	483	(1)
Ideology	484	(1)
Tolerance	485	(2)
Participation	487	(1)
Who, What, How	488	(1)
What Influences Our Opinions About Politics?	489	(13)
Political Socialization	489	(3)
Self-Interest	492	(1)
Education	493	(1)
Age	494	(1)
Gender	495	(2)
Race	497	(2)
Religion	499	(1)
Geographical Region	500	(2)
Who, What, How	502	(1)
The Citizens and Public Opinion	502	(4)
The Rationality of Apathy and Political Ignorance	503	(1)
Shortcuts to Political Knowledge	503	(2)
The Rational Electorate	505	(1)
What's At Stake Revisited	506	(4)
Key Terms	508	(1)
Summary	508	(1)
Suggested Resources	509
Consider the Source: How to Be a Critical Poll Watcher	482	(28)
Political Parties	510	(46)
What's At Stake?	511	(3)
The Role of Political Parties in a Democracy	514	(4)
What Are Parties?	514	(3)
The Responsible Party Model	517	(1)
Who, What, How	518	(1)
Do American Parties Offer Voters a Choice?	518	(10)
What Do the Parties Stand For?	519	(5)
Forces Drawing the Parties Together and Pushing Them Apart	524	(4)
Who, What, How	528	(1)
The History of Parties in America	528	(6)
The Evolution of American Parties	529	(1)
A Brief History of Party Eras	530	(4)
Who, What, How	534	(1)
What Do Parties Do?	535	(7)
Electioneering	535	(5)
Governing	540	(2)
Who, What, How	542	(1)
Characteristics of the American Party System	543	(8)
Two Parties	543	(5)
Ideological Moderation	548	(1)
Decentralized Party Organizations	548	(2)
Undisciplined Parties-in-Government	550	(1)
Who, What, How	551	(1)
The Citizens and Political Parties	552	(1)
What's At Stake Revisited	553	(3)
Key Terms	554	(1)
Summary	554	(1)
Suggested Resources	555
Consider the Source: How to Be a Critical Reader of Party Platforms	522	(34)
Interest Groups	556	(44)
What's At Stake?	557	(3)
The Role and Formation of Interest Groups	560	(6)
Roles of Interest Groups	561	(1)
Why Do Interest Groups Form?	562	(3)
The Free Rider Problem	565	(1)
Who, What, How	566	(1)
Types of Interest Groups	567	(9)
Economic Interest Groups	567	(2)
Equal Opportunity Interest Groups	569	(3)
Public Interest Groups	572	(3)
Government Interest Groups	575	(1)
Who, What, How	576	(1)
Interest Group Politics	576	(15)
Direct Lobbying: The Strategies	577	(3)
Direct Lobbying: The Targets	580	(3)
Indirect Lobbying	583	(7)
``Astroturf'' Political Campaigns and the State of Lobbying Today	590	(1)
Who, What, How	591	(1)
Interest Group Resources	592	(3)
Money	592	(2)
Leadership	594	(1)
Membership: Size and Intensity	594	(1)
Information	595	(1)
Who, What, How	595	(1)
The Citizens and Interest Groups	596	(1)
What's At Stake Revisited	597	(3)
Key Terms	598	(1)
Summary	599	(1)
Suggested Resources	599
Consider the Source: How to Be a Critical Consumer of Direct Mail	587	(13)
Voting, Campaigns, and Elections	600	(42)
What's At Stake?	601	(2)
Voting in a Democratic Society	603	(4)
The Founders' Intentions	603	(1)
The Functions of Elections	604	(3)
Who, What, How	607	(1)
Exercising the Right to Vote in America	607	(6)
Who Votes and Who Doesn't?	608	(1)
Why Americans Don't Vote	608	(5)
Does Nonvoting Matter?	613	(1)
Who, What, How	613	(1)
How the Voter Decides	614	(3)
Partisanship	614	(1)
Issues and Policy	615	(1)
The Candidates	616	(1)
Who, What, How	617	(1)
Electing the President	617	(19)
Getting Nominated	618	(5)
The Electoral College	623	(2)
The General Election Campaign	625	(10)
Interpreting Elections	635	(1)
Who, What, How	636	(1)
The Citizens and Elections	637	(3)
The Three Models	637	(1)
A Fourth Model?	638	(1)
Do Elections Make a Difference?	639	(1)
What's At Stake Revisited	640	(2)
Key Terms	641	(1)
Summary	641	(1)
Suggested Resources	642
Consider the Source: Interpreting Campaign Advertising	630	(12)
The Media	642	(46)
What's At Stake?	643	(2)
What Media?	645	(7)
Newspapers and Magazines	646	(2)
Radio	648	(1)
Television	649	(1)
The Internet	650	(1)
Where Do Americans Get Their News?	651	(1)
Who, What, How	652	(1)
History of the American Media	652	(8)
The Early American Press: Dependence on Government	652	(2)
Growing Media Independence	654	(1)
The Media Today: Concentrated Corporate Power	655	(4)
Regulation of the Broadcast Media	659	(1)
Who, What, How	660	(1)
Who Are the Journalists?	661	(6)
What Roles Do Journalists Play?	661	(2)
Who Chooses Journalism?	663	(1)
What Journalists Believe: Is There a Liberal Bias in the Media?	664	(2)
The Growth of the Washington Press Corps	666	(1)
Who, What, How	667	(1)
The Media and Politics	668	(10)
The Shaping of Public Opinion	668	(3)
The Reduction of Politics to Conflict and Image	671	(4)
Politics as Public Relations	675	(2)
Reduction in Political Accountability	677	(1)
Who, What, How	678	(1)
The Citizens and the Media	679	(3)
What's At Stake Revisited	682	(6)
Key Terms	683	(1)
Summary	683	(1)
Suggested Resources	684
Consider the Source: Becoming a Savvy Media Consumer	672	(16)
Domestic Policy	688	(44)
What's At Stake?	689	(1)
Making Public Policy	690	(13)
Solving Social Problems	691	(1)
Difficulties in Solving Social Problems	692	(1)
Types of Public Policy	693	(2)
Who Makes Policy?	695	(4)
Steps of the Policymaking Process	699	(4)
Who, What, How	703	(1)
Social Policy: A Tale of Two Programs	703	(11)
Welfare Policy in the United States	705	(4)
Social Security	709	(5)
Who, What, How	714	(1)
Economic Policy	714	(12)
Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy	715	(3)
The Politics of Monetary Policy	718	(2)
The Politics of Fiscal Policy	720	(6)
Who, What, How	726	(1)
The Citizens and Public Policy	727	(2)
What's At Stake Revisited	729	(3)
Key Terms	730	(1)
Summary	730	(1)
Suggested Resources	730
Policy Profile: Environmental Protection	696	(10)
Policy Profile: Middle Class and Corporate Welfare	706	(6)
Policy Profile: Health Care	712	(4)
Consider the Source: How to Be a Critical Consumer of Economic Information	716	(16)
Foreign Policy	732
What's At Stake?	733
Understanding Foreign Policy	735
The Post--Cold War Setting of American Foreign Policy	737
Types of Foreign Policy	740
Who, What, How	740
Who Makes American Foreign Policy?	740
The President	741
The Executive Branch	742
Congress	744
Presidential-Congressional Power Struggles	745
Who, What, How	748
How Do We Define a Foreign Policy Problem?	748
The American Style of Foregin Policy	749
Global Pressures	751
Domestic Pressures	754
Who, What, How	756
How Do We Solve Foreign Policy Problems?	757
Strategies: Deterrence and Compellence	757
Foreign Policy Instruments	758
Who, What, How	765
Foreign Policy Challenges at the Turn of the Century	765
Economic Challenges	766
Security Challenges	767
Political Challenges	768
Transnational Challenges	769
Who, What, How	770
The Citizens and Foreign Policy	770
What's At Stake Revisited	772
Key Terms	772
Summary	773
Suggested Resources	773
Consider the Source: How to Become a Critical Reader of Maps	738
Appendix	A-1
Glossary	G-1
References	R-1
Credits	C-1
Index	I-1