Kidney Diseases in the Developing World And Ethnic Minorities

by El Nahas; Meguid

• ISBN13: 9780824728632
• ISBN10: 0824728637
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-29
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Compiled by an international team of nephrologists, this reference covers a wide variety of clinical, regional, and research issues related to the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of kidney disease in ethnic populations-exploring current prevention strategies, treatment outcomes, and education and training practices in Africa, South America, Asia, as well as China, India, Pakistan, and Russia. This reference also addresses specific issues pertinent to the renal healthcare of ethnic minorities in the United States, Europe, and Australia.

Table of Contents

Foreword	iii
Jan J. Weening
Preface	v
Contributors	xvii
1. Epidemiology of ESRD: A Worldwide Perspective	1	(14)
Rashad S. Barsoum
Introduction	1	(1)
Global Prevalence	2	(1)
Global Incidence of ESRD	3	(2)
Global Demographics of ESRD	5	(3)
Regional Etiology of ESRD	8	(1)
The Question of CKD as Opposed to ESRD	9	(1)
Impact of Epidemiological Knowledge on the Prevention and Management of CKD	10	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	11	(1)
References	12	(3)
2. Outcomes and Economics of ESRF	15	(24)
Eduardo Lacson Jr., Martin K. Kuhlmann, Kunal Shah, Maki Yoshino, and Nathan W. Levin
Differential Access to ESRF Care	16	(2)
Economics of ESRF Care	18	(5)
Payment and Provider Models for ESRF Care	23	(3)
Clinical Outcomes of ESRF Care	26	(5)
Nutrition and Outcome	31	(1)
Economics of Peritoneal Dialysis in Developing Countries	31	(1)
Summary	32	(1)
References	33	(6)
3. Economics of ESRD in Developing Countries: India	39	(20)
Vivekanand Jha and K.S. Chugh
Health Care Delivery Systems	41	(1)
Epidemiology	42	(4)
Availability of Nephrologists and RRT Facilities	46	(1)
Dialysis Equipment	47	(1)
Water Treatment for Dialysis	48	(1)
Maintenance Hemodialysis	49	(1)
Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis (CPD)	50	(2)
Kidney Transplantation	52	(1)
RRT Costs	52	(3)
References	55	(4)
4. Infections and Kidney Diseases: A Continuing Global Challenge	59	(24)
Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe and Sergio Mezzano
Introduction	59	(1)
Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis	60	(7)
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome	67	(7)
References	74	(9)
5. Viral Infections and the Kidney: A Major Problem in Developing Countries	83	(38)
M. Rafique Moosa, Theo L. Hattingh, and William D. Bates
Introduction: The Scourge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection	84	(2)
HIV-Renal Syndromes	86	(1)
HIVAN	87	(7)
HIV-Associated Immune-Complex Nephritis	94	(1)
HIV-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathies (TM)	95	(1)
Recommended Management	95	(1)
Hepatitis C Virus	96	(1)
Epidemiology	96	(1)
Pathogenesis	97	(1)
Glomerular Disease	98	(2)
Renal Transplantation	100	(1)
Hepatitis C in Dialysis Patients	100	(1)
Hepatitis B Virus Infection	101	(1)
HBV-Associated Membranous GN (HBV-MGN)	102	(2)
HBV Associated with Other Forms of GN	104	(1)
HBV-Associated Polyarteritis Nodosa (HBV-PAN)	105	(1)
References	105	(16)
6. Acute Renal Failure and Toxic Nephropathies in the Developing World	121	(16)
Marc E. De Broe
Introduction	121	(10)
References	131	(6)
7. Chronic Kidney Disease: Focus on Africa	137	(24)
Saraladevi Naicker, Aminu K Bello, and Meguid El Nahas
The Global Chronic Kidney Disease Problem	137	(1)
Classification of CKD	138	(1)
Epidemiology of ESRF in Sub-Saharan Africa	138	(1)
Causes of CKD in Africa	139	(1)
Risk Factors and CKD	140	(5)
Addressing the Problem	145	(2)
Primary Prevention	147	(3)
Secondary Prevention	150	(2)
Managing Established CKD/ESRF	152	(1)
Recommendations	153	(1)
References	154	(7)
8. Diabetic Nephropathy: Present and Future Challenges	161	(30)
Arrigo Schieppati, Piero Ruggenenti, and Giuseppe Remuzzi
The Growing Burden of Diabetes Mellitus	161	(2)
Diabetic Nephropathy	163	(2)
Clinical Manifestations of Diabetic Nephropathy	165	(1)
Factors Associated with Development of Diabetic Nephropathy	165	(5)
The Association of Nephropathy and Other Diabetic Complications	170	(3)
Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy	173	(6)
Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy In Developing Countries	179	(1)
Recommendations	180	(1)
References	181	(10)
9. Albuminuria: A New Target for Therapy? Treat the Kidney to Protect the Heart	191	(20)
Dick de Zeeuw and Meguid El Nahas
Introduction	191	(2)
Albuminuria: A Marker of End-Organ Damage	193	(3)
Raas-Intervention Lowers Albuminuria	196	(1)
Raas-Intervention Offers Organ Protection Beyond Blood Pressure Effects	196	(3)
Albuminuria Reduction Predicts the End-Organ Protection	199	(3)
Albuminuria, A Target for Therapy Titration	202	(1)
Secondary to Primary Prevention, Particularly in Developing Countries	202	(2)
Summary	204	(1)
References	205	(6)
10. Renal Transplantation in Developing Countries	211	(36)
S. Adibul Hasan Rizvi, S.A. Anwar Naqvi, and Ejaz Ahmed
Introduction	211	(1)
Burden of ESRF in the Developing World	212	(1)
Etiology of ESRF and Implications for Transplant	213	(1)
Renal Transplantation in Developing Countries—The Problems	214	(14)
Post-Transplantation Malignancy	228	(1)
Monitoring and Outcome	228	(3)
Pediatric Transplantation	231	(1)
Renal Transplant in Specific Regions	232	(1)
The Way Forward	233	(4)
References	237	(10)
11. End-Stage Renal Failure in African Americans	247	(20)
Lawrence Agodoa
Introduction	247	(2)
Incidence and Prevalence of ESRD	249	(1)
Causes of ESRD	249	(7)
Modalities of Therapy for ESRD	256	(3)
Morbidity and Mortality in ESRD	259	(1)
Summary and Discussion	260	(1)
References	261	(6)
12. Histopathologic Patterns in Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis in African Americans	267	(18)
Yihan Wang and Agnes B. Fogo
Introduction	267	(1)
Morphology	268	(11)
Summary	279	(1)
References	280	(5)
13. Kidney Disease in Ethnic Minority Populations of the United Kingdom	285	(20)
John Feehally and Liz Lightstone
Introduction	285	(1)
Epidemiology	286	(3)
Pathogenesis	289	(2)
Outcome of Renal Replacement Therapy	291	(4)
Public Health Implications	295	(1)
The Challenge of Early Detection and Prevention of Renal Disease	296	(3)
Conclusion	299	(1)
References	300	(5)
14. Chronic Kidney Disease in Aboriginal Australians	305	(30)
Wendy E. Hoy, Stephen P. McDonald, Alan Cass, Gurmeet R. Singh, Srinivas Kondalsamy Chennakesavan, John F. Bertram, and Michael D. Hughson
Introduction	306	(1)
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)	306	(3)
Renal Morphology	309	(1)
Epidemiologic Studies	309	(12)
Treatment Program	321	(1)
The Aboriginal Chronic Disease Outreach Program	322	(4)
Developing a Strategic Framework for Chronic Disease Services	326	(1)
Conclusions	327	(1)
References	328	(7)
15. ESRD in Russia	335	(10)
Natalia A. Tomilina and Boris T. Bikbov
Abbreviations	335	(1)
Introduction	335	(1)
Renal Replacement Therapy: General Data	336	(3)
Renal Replacement Therapy: Patient State	339	(3)
Discussion	342	(1)
References	343	(2)
16. Nephrology in China: A Specialty Preparing for the 21st Century Challenge	345	(20)
Shanyan Lin, Bicheng Liu, Fanfan Hou, and Jiaqi Qian
Nephrology Specialist in China	346	(1)
Clinical Nephrology	347	(10)
Dialysis and Renal Transplantation in China	357	(4)
Disease Registration	361	(1)
Research	361	(1)
Epilogue	361	(1)
References	361	(4)
17. Renal Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa	365	(8)
Ebun L. Bamgboye, Nomandla Madala, and Saraladevi Naicker
Introduction	365	(1)
Etiology of Renal Disease	365	(4)
Conclusion	369	(1)
References	369	(4)
18. A Global Renal Disaster Relief Task Force	373	(22)
Norbert Lameire, Wim Van Biesen, Raymond Vanholder, Mehmet Sukru Sever, and Jan Weuts
Introduction	373	(9)
Assessment of Need	382	(2)
Relief Efforts During the Disaster	384	(1)
Interventions in Turkey, India, Algeria, and Iran	385	(5)
Conclusions	390	(1)
References	390	(5)
19. Community-Based Approach to Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Chennai Experience	395	(16)
Manjula Datta and M.K Mani
The Economics of Treating Chronic Kidney Failure (CKF)	396	(1)
The Kidney Help Trust	397	(1)
The Community Project of the Kidney Help Trust	398	(1)
The Project Description	399	(1)
Training of the Health Care Workers	399	(2)
The Survey Method	401	(1)
Management	402	(1)
Results	403	(2)
Discussion	405	(4)
References	409	(2)
20. Academic and Clinical Collaboration Between Individuals, Departments and Institutions: The Ghana Experience	411	(6)
J.B. Eastwood and J. Plange-Rhule
Introduction	411	(1)
Getting Things Started	412	(1)
Our Link in Detail	413	(2)
Career Enhancement	415	(1)
A Way Forward for Links Between Health Professionals	416	(1)
Reference	416	(1)
21. Nephrology in the Republic of Benin (West Africa)	417	(18)
Giovanni Battista Fogazzi, Attolou Vénérand, and Aouanou Guy
Benin: An Introduction	417	(3)
Nephrology at Centre Nationale Hospitalier Universitaire (CNHU) of Cotonou	420	(4)
Nephrology at Hôpital St Jean de dieu (HSJD) at Tanguiéta	424	(2)
A Nephrological Program at HSJD and Beyond	426	(5)
Comment	431	(2)
References	433	(2)
22. International Aid and the Formation of Successful Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention Programs (CKDPP)	435	(22)
Ivor Katz
Introduction	435	(1)
Background	435	(2)
International Aid and Medical Practice in the Developing World	437	(5)
International Aid and the Nephrologist	442	(3)
The Model for Prevention Programs	445	(5)
Pitfalls Encountered in Setting Up the Soweto CKDPP	450	(2)
Fundamentals to International Aid and Establishing a CKD Program	452	(1)
References	453	(4)
23. Links Between Bolivia, Moldova, and Italy for Prevention of Chronic Nephropathies	457	(12)
Igor Codreanu, Norberto Perico, Agustina Anabaya, and Giuseppe Remuzzi
Introduction	457	(1)
The Project for Renal Diseases in Bolivia	458	(4)
The Hurdles in Implementing Research Programs in the Developing Countries	462	(1)
The Early Detection and Intervention Program for Chronic Renal Diseases in the Republic of Moldova	463	(2)
Conclusion	465	(1)
References	466	(3)
24. The Renal Sister Center: "Antwerp (Belgium)—Yerevan (Armenia)"	469	(6)
Marc E. De Broe
How It Started	469	(1)
The Project	470	(1)
Milestones	470	(2)
A Model Sister Center	472	(3)
25. Introduction to Nephrology Training in the Developing World	475	(2)
Meguid El Nahas
26. Training and Education of Nephrologists Worldwide	477	(18)
Asghar Rastegar and Michael Field
Background	477	(9)
ISN Core Curriculum for Postgraduate Training in Nephrology	486	(6)
References	492	(3)
27. The Emerging Nephrologist: A Training Vision	495	(14)
Meguid El Nahas and Giuseppe Remuzzi
The Global Scale of CKD Problem	495	(1)
Detection and Prevention (D&P) of CKD Programs	496	(3)
The Emerging Nephrologist (EN)	499	(1)
The Basic Training Requirements of the Emerging Nephrologist (EN)	500	(4)
Evolution from Emerging Nephrologist to Nephrologist	504	(1)
Alternative to Training Nephrologists	505	(1)
References	506	(3)
28. Education and Training in Nephrology in Africa	509	(6)
Saraladevi Naicker and Rashad S. Barsoum
Nephrology Education	509	(2)
Nephrology Syllabus	511	(1)
Recommendations for Nephrology Training in Africa	512	(1)
Conclusion	513	(1)
References	513	(2)
29. Clinical Assessment, Investigation and Treatment of Renal Disease in Africa: A Practical Guide for Primary Care Physicians	515	(32)
J. Plange-Rhule, F.P. Cappuccio, and J.B. Eastwood
Introduction	515	(1)
History	516	(1)
Presentation	517	(1)
Signs	518	(2)
Investigations	520	(3)
Formulae for Estimating GFR	523	(1)
Urine	523	(5)
Urine Reagent Strip Testing in Possible Urinary Infection	528	(2)
Urine Culture	530	(1)
Specialist Investigations	530	(7)
Prevention of Renal Disease	537	(1)
Treatment of Renal Conditions	537	(1)
Prevention of Deterioration of GFR in Individuals with Established Chronic Kidney Failure	537	(3)
Urinary Tract Stones	540	(5)
References	545	(2)
30. Meeting the Challenge: A Global View of Nephrology	547	(12)
John H. Dirks and Sheila Robinson
The Vision	549	(1)
The Strategy	550	(5)
Contributions	555	(1)
The Future	556	(1)
References	557	(2)
Index	559