Labeling People

by Staum, Martin S.

• ISBN13: 9780773525801
• ISBN10: 0773525807
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-09-01
• Publisher: McGill Queens Univ Pr

Summary

Nineteenth-century French scholars, during a turbulent era of revolution and industrialization, ranked intelligence and character according to facial profile, skin colour, and head shape. They believed that such indicators could determine whether individuals were educable and peoples perfectible. In Labeling People Martin Staum examines the Paris societies of phrenology (reading intelligence and character by head shapes), geography, and ethnology and their techniques for classifying people. He shows how the work of these social scientists gave credence to the arrangement of "races" in a hierarchy, the domination of non-European peoples, and the limitation of opportunities for ill-favoured individuals within France.While previous studies have contrasted the relative optimism of middle-class social scientists before 1848 with a later period of concern for national decline and racial degeneration, Staum demonstrates that the earlier learned societies were also fearful of turmoil at home and interested in adventure abroad. Both geographers and ethnologists created concepts of fundamental "racial" inequality that prefigured the imperialist "associationist" discourse of the Third Republic, believing that European tutelage would guide "civilizable" peoples, and providing an open invitation to dominate and exploit the "uncivilizable."

Author Biography

Martin S. Staum is professor of history at the University of Calgary.

Table of Contents

Illustrations	xi
Preface and Acknowledgments	xiii
The Bell Curve and the Nineteenth-Century Organic Society	3	(20)
The Facial Angle, Physiognomy, and Racial Theory	23	(26)
The Ambivalence of Phrenology	49	(36)
Human Geography, ``Race,'' and Empire	85	(37)
Ethnology and the Civilizability of ``Races''	122	(36)
Constructing the ``Other'' in the Early Social Sciences	158	(55)
Appendices
1 Active Members of the Societe phrenologique de Paris or supporters of phrenology	193	(2)
2 Societe de geographie de Paris Founders	195	(7)
3 Members of the Societe ethnologique de Paris	202	(11)
Bibliography	213	(26)
Index	239