Labor Law : Cases, Materials, and Problems

by Harper, Michelle C.; Estreicher, Samuel; Flynn, Joan

• ISBN13: 9780735529120
• ISBN10: 0735529124
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

Labor Law: Cases, Materials, and Problems, Fifth Edition, takes a rigorous, analytical, modern, and practical approach To The issues and serves as the foundation of an enlightening course. These features make the casebook an appealing choice for instructors who are looking for a new teaching tool: comprehensive and thoughtful coverage eviews issues of regulation, reform, economic and labor theory, labor-management relations, And The respective roles of the MLRB, The courts, and Congress the highly respected author team draws on their experience in scholarship, and practice, and teaching the book is designed for accessibility, with streamlined case editing; lucid explanatory text on economics, comparative law, and related topics; and clear and pointed narratives notes, and questions throughout the text introductory text, excerpted agancy and court decisions, Notes & Questions, and axcerpts from related publications and documents serve as helpful aids to learning the Fifth Edition has been strengthened and improved by: The addition of new co-author Joan Flynn, who has worked For The National Labor Relations Board both as a field attorney and as staff counsel to a Board member full treatment of significant new Supreme Court, NLRB, and circuit court cases new coverage of issues such as card check and neutrality agreements and restrictions on employee use of e-mail in the workplace; greater integration of NLRB and judicial procedure and NLRA remedies into discussion of the substantive law; and substantially revised coverage NLRB representational issues

Table of Contents

Preface	xxxi
Acknowledgments	xxxiii
1 Workers, Unions, and the Economy: An Overview	1	(30)
Note: Objectives of a Labor Law Regime	2	(2)
A. Neoclassical View of Labor Markets	4	(7)
Ronald G. Ehrenberg & Robert S. Smith, Modern Labor Economics	4	(5)
Notes and Questions	9	(2)
B. Unions and Wages	11	(8)
Note: Union Wage Differential Studies	11	(2)
Note: Sources of the Union Wage Premium	13	(4)
Notes and Questions	17	(2)
C. Impact of Unions on Productivity	19	(5)
Kenneth Dau-Schmidt, A Bargaining Analysis of American Labor Law	19	(2)
Notes and Questions	21	(3)
D. Unions and American Democracy	24	(2)
Albert Rees, The Economics of Trade Unions	24	(1)
Notes and Questions	25	(1)
E. The Alternative of Minimum Entitlements	26	(5)
Paul C. Weiler, Governing the Workplace: The Future of Labor and Employment Law	27	(1)
Notes and Questions	28	(3)
2 The Historical and Institutional Framework	31	(70)
A. The Common Law	31	(24)
1. The Evolution of Labor Organizations	31	(4)
2. Judicial Response to Labor Disputes	35	(14)
a. Criminal Conspiracy	35	(5)
Philadelphia Cordwainers (Commonwealth v. Pullis)	35	(2)
Commonwealth v. Hunt	37	(1)
Notes and Questions	38	(2)
b. The Labor Injunction	40	(9)
Vegelahn v. Guntner	40	(5)
Notes and Questions	45	(4)
3. Judicial Response to Protective Labor Legislation	49	(6)
Lochner v. New York	49	(2)
Notes and Questions	51	(4)
B. The Antitrust Laws	55	(12)
Note: Union Growth and
Industrial Strife in the 1890's and the Early Twentieth Century	55	(1)
1. The Sherman Act	56	(1)
Note: Loewe v. Lawlor (The "Danbury Hatters" Case)	56	(1)
2. The Clayton Act	57	(10)
Note: The Origins of the Labor Exemption	57	(2)
Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering	59	(5)
Notes and Questions	64	(1)
Note: Labor Organization and the Management of Work from World War I Through the 1920's	65	(2)
C. The Norris-LaGuardia Act and Reexamination of the Antitrust Laws: Mandating Government Neutrality in Labor Disputes	67	(13)
1. The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932	67	(4)
a. The "Labor Injunction"	67	(3)
b. Modern Applications of the Norris-LaGuardia Act	70	(1)
2. Reexamination of the Antitrust Laws	71	(9)
Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader	71	(4)
United States v. Hutcheson	75	(3)
Notes and Questions	78	(2)
D. Modern Labor Legislation: Affirmative Protection of Collective Representation	80	(16)
1. The Railway Labor Act (RLA)	80	(2)
2. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)	82	(19)
a. The Original NLRA: The Wagner Act of 1935	82	(9)
i. The Origins of the Wagner Act	82	(1)
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.	86	(1)
ii. Labor Organization During the New Deal Period	87	(2)
iii. The Purposes of the Wagner Act	89	(1)
iv. The Orientation of the Wagner Act	90	(1)
b. The Taft Hartley Act of 1947	91	(3)
i. Labor Organization and the Administration of the NLRA from 1935 to 1947	91	(1)
ii. The Taft Hartley Amendments	92	(2)
c. The Landrum-Griffin Act of 1959	94	(1)
d. The 1974 Healthcare Industry Amendments	94	(1)
e. The Proposed Labor Reform Act of 1977 and Other Failed Legislation	95	(1)
E. The State of American Unionism	96	(5)
3 The Jurisdiction, Structure, and Procedure of the NLRB	101	(46)
A. A Brief Overview of NLRB Structure and Procedure	101	(7)
1. The Board and the General Counsel	101	(1)
2. Unfair Labor Practice and Representation Proceedings	102	(2)
a. Unfair Labor Practice ("ULP") Proceedings	102	(2)
b. Representation Proceedings	104	(1)
3. Rulemaking Versus Adjudication	104	(3)
a. The Procedures Contrasted, and the Question of Agency Discretion	104	(2)
b. Pros and Cons	106	(1)
4. Delay at the NLRB	107	(1)
B. Scope of Review of NLRB Determinations	108	(3)
1. "Substantial Evidence" Review	108	(1)
2. Review of Questions of "Law" and "Policy"	109	(2)
C. Jurisdiction	111	(36)
1. The Commerce Requirement and Other Limitations on NLRB Jurisdiction	111	(2)
2. Statutory Exclusions	113	(34)
a. Independent Contractors	114	(8)
Note: NLRB v. Hearst and Congress's Reaction	114	(1)
NLRB v. United Insurance Co.	115	(2)
Roadway Package System, Inc.	117	(3)
Notes and Questions	120	(2)
b. Supervisory, Managerial, and Confidential Personnel	122	(21)
NLRB v. Bell Aerospace Co.	122	(3)
Notes and Questions	125	(5)
Note: The Tension Between Coverage of Professional Employees and Exclusion of Supervisors and Managers	130	(3)
NLRB v. Kentucky River Community Care, Inc.	133	(6)
Notes and Questions	139	(4)
c. Students as Employees?	143	(4)
4 Protection of Concerted Activity	147	(132)
A. The Concepts of Discrimination and of Interference, Restraint, or Coercion	147	(29)
1. Violations Based on Employer (or Union) Motivation	148	(11)
Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Co. v. NLRB	148	(3)
Notes and Questions	151	(1)
NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp.	152	(3)
Notes and Questions	155	(2)
Note: NLRB Remedies in Discharge and Failure to Hire Cases	157	(2)
2. Violations Based on Impact of Employer (or Union) Actions	159	(17)
Radio Officers' Union v. NLRB	159	(4)
Notes and Questions	163	(1)
Republic Aviation Corp. v. NLRB	164	(6)
Notes and Questions	170	(1)
Note: Restrictions on Workplace Solicitation and Distribution	171	(5)
B. The Accommodation of §7 Rights and Employer Interests	176	(29)
1. Interest in Maintaining Production and Discipline	176	(1)
2. Interest in Excluding "Outsiders": Employer Property Rights	176	(17)
Note: NLRB v. Babcock & Wilcox Co.	176	(1)
Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB	177	(6)
Notes and Questions	183	(6)
Note: NLRB v. Town & Country Electric, Inc. and Paid Union Organizers as Protected Employees	189	(1)
Notes and Questions	190	(3)
3. Interest in Entrepreneurial Discretion	193	(12)
NLRB v. JM. Lassing	193	(1)
Notes and Questions	194	(2)
Textile Workers Union v. Darlington Manufacturing Co.	196	(6)
Notes and Questions	202	(3)
C. The Scope of Protected Employee Activity	205	(44)
1. "Protected" Concerted Activity: Means Test	206	(15)
NLRB v. Washington Aluminum Co.	206	(3)
Elk Lumber Co.	209	(2)
Note: Categorical Limitations on the Means Employed	211	(1)
Notes and Questions	212	(3)
NLRB v. Local 1229, IBEW (Jefferson Standard)	215	(3)
Notes and Questions	218	(3)
2. "Protected" Concerted Activity: Purpose or Object Test	221	(8)
Eastex, Inc. v. NLRB	221	(5)
Notes and Questions	226	(3)
3. Individual Employee Action as "Concerted" Activity	229	(20)
NLRB v. City Disposal Systems, Inc.	230	(6)
Notes and Questions	236	(3)
NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc.	239	(4)
Notes and Questions	243	(3)
Note: Weingarten Rights in the Nonunion Setting?	246	(1)
Notes and Questions	246	(3)
D. Union Waivers of Employee Rights to Engage in Protected Activity	249	(9)
NLRB v. Magnavox Co. of Tennessee	249	(2)
Notes and Questions	251	(2)
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. NLRB	253	(3)
Notes and Questions	256	(2)
E. Employer "Support" or "Domination" of a "Labor Organization"	258	(21)
NLRB v. Streamway Division, Scott & Fetzer Co.	259	(5)
Electromation, Inc.	264	(7)
Notes and Questions	271	(5)
Note: Proposals to Amend §8(a)(2)	276	(3)
5 Regulation of the Representational Process	279	(170)
A. Obtaining Representative Status Through the NLRB's Election Procedure	281	(91)
1. Appropriate Bargaining Units	281	(28)
a. NLRB Unit Determinations: Substance and Procedure	281	(15)
American Hospital Assn. v. NLRB	282	(3)
Notes and Questions	285	(2)
Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. NLRB	287	(4)
Notes and Questions	291	(1)
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: Appropriateness of Requested Single Location Bargaining Units in Representation Cases	292	(2)
Notes and Questions	294	(2)
b. Judicial Review of Unit Determinations and Other Representational Issues	296	(5)
Leedom v. Kyne	296	(3)
Notes and Questions	299	(2)
c. Special Issues Arising in Unit Determinations	301	(8)
i. Craft vs. Industrial Units	301	(1)
ii. "Contingent" Workers	302	(1)
Note: Accretion and Multiemployer Bargaining Units	302	(1)
Note: M.B. Sturgis, Inc.	304	(1)
Notes and Questions	306	(3)
2. The Question of Equality of Access	309	(11)
NLRB v. United Steelworkers of America (Nutone and Avondale)	309	(4)
Notes and Questions	313	(3)
Excelsior Undervear, Inc.	316	(3)
Notes and Questions	319	(1)
3. Regulation of Restraint and Coercion in the Election Process	320	(52)
a. Threatening Speech	321	(14)
NLRB v. Golub Corp.	321	(5)
Notes and Questions	326	(2)
NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co.	328	(4)
Notes and Questions	332	(3)
b. Board Procedures Governing Campaign Tactics	335	(4)
General Shoe Corp.	335	(2)
Notes and Questions	337	(2)
c. Factual Misrepresentations	339	(9)
Midland National Life Insurance Co.	339	(5)
Notes and Questions	344	(4)
d. Racially Inflammatory Speech	348	(6)
NLRB v. Bancroft Manufacturing Co.	348	(3)
Notes and Questions	351	(3)
e. Promises and Grants of Benefits	354	(12)
NLRB v. Exchange Parts Co.	354	(2)
Notes and Questions	356	(4)
NLRB v. Savair Manufacturing Co.	360	(3)
Notes and Questions	363	(3)
f. Interrogation, Polling, and Surveillance	366	(6)
Timsco Inc. v. NLRB	366	(3)
Notes and Questions	369	(3)
B. Obtaining Recognition Without an Election	372	(50)
1. The Preference for Elections	372	(20)
NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co.	373	(11)
Note: Linden Lumber	384	(2)
Notes and Questions	386	(5)
Note: Section 10(j): An Underutilized Tool in Organizing Cases?	391	(1)
2. The Canadian Model: Mandating Recognition Without Elections	392	(4)
Paul C. Weiler, Promises to Keep: Securing Workers' Rights to Self Organization Under the NLRA	392	(3)
Notes and Questions	395	(1)
3. Agreements to Bypass or Modify the NLRB's Election Procedure	396	(4)
Note: Card Check and Neutrality Agreements	396	(4)
4. Restraints on the Recognition of Minority Unions	400	(11)
International Ladies' Garment Workers Union (Bernhard Altmann Texas Corporation) v. NLRB	400	(3)
Notes and Questions	403	(2)
Bruckner Nursing Home	405	(4)
Notes and Questions	409	(2)
5. Regulation of Organizational and Recognitional Picketing	411	(11)
International Hod Carriers, Local 840 (Blinne Construction)	412	(6)
Notes and Questions	418	(4)
C. Ousting an Incumbent Union	422	(27)
1. Bars to an Election	423	(8)
a. The Certification, Election, and Recognition Bars	423	(5)
Brooks v. NLRB	423	(3)
Notes and Questions	426	(2)
b. The Contract Bar	428	(2)
c. The Blocking Charge Policy	430	(1)
2. The Means of Ousting an Incumbent Union	431	(20)
Note: Employee-Initiated Decertification Petitions	431	(1)
Allentown Mack Sales and Service, Inc. v. NLRB	432	(10)
Notes and Questions	442	(1)
Note: Levitt Furniture Co.	443	(2)
Notes and Questions	445	(1)
Note: Remedy for Unlawful Withdrawals of Recognition	446	(3)
6 Regulation of the Process of Collective Bargaining	449	(130)
A. Exclusive Representation: An Overview	451	(14)
J.I. Case Co. v. NLRB	451	(3)
Notes and Questions	454	(2)
Note: Nonmajority Collective Bargaining	456	(1)
Emporium Capwell Co. v. Western Addition Community Organization	457	(6)
Notes and Questions	463	(2)
B. The Requirement of Good Faith: Bargaining Positions and Practices	465	(52)
1. Models of the Bargaining Process	465	(6)
NLRB v. Insurance Agents' International Union	465	(6)
Notes and Questions	471	(1)
2. The Problem of "Surface Bargaining"	471	(14)
NLRB v. American National Insurance Co.	471	(5)
NLRB v. A-1 King Size Sandwiches, Inc.	476	(5)
Notes and Questions	481	(4)
3. Remedies for Bad Faith Bargaining	485	(11)
H.K Porter Co. v. NLRB	485	(3)
Notes and Questions	488	(1)
Note: The Problem of First Time Bargaining Relationships and Extraordinary Remedies	489	(7)
4. Disclosure Obligations	496	(9)
NLRB v. Truitt Manufacturing Co.	496	(2)
Detroit Edison Co. v. NLRB	498	(3)
Notes and Questions	501	(4)
5. The Concept of "Impasse"	505	(12)
NLRB v. Katz	505	(4)
Notes and Questions	509	(6)
Note: Impasse Procedures	515	(2)
C. Subjects of "Mandatory Bargaining"	517	(36)
1. The Mandatory/Permissive Framework	517	(15)
NLRB v. Wooster Division of Borg Warner Corp.	517	(4)
Notes and Questions	521	(8)
Note: Card Check and Neutrality Provisions	529	(2)
Note: Alternatives to Borg-Warner	531	(1)
2. Status of Major Entrepreneurial Decisions	532	(21)
Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. v. NLRB	532	(6)
Notes and Questions	538	(1)
First National Maintenance Corp. v. NLRB	539	(6)
Notes and Questions	545	(7)
Note: Remedies for Refusals to Bargain over Mandatory Entrepreneurial Decisions	552	(1)
D. Multiemployee and Multiunion Bargaining	553	(10)
Charles D. Bovanno Linen Service, Inc. v. NLRB	553	(5)
Notes and Questions	558	(4)
Note: Coalition and Coordinated Bargaining	562	(1)
E. Midterm Bargaining	563	(16)
Note: Permissive Subjects and Midterm Modifications	563	(1)
Jacobs Manufacturing Co.	564	(3)
Notes and Questions	567	(3)
Milwaukee Spring Division of Illinois Coil Spring Co. ("Milwaukee Spring II")	570	(4)
Notes and Questions	574	(5)
7 Weapons of Economic Conflict: Strikes, Boycotts, and Picketing	579	(138)
A. Strikes and Employer Countermeasures	579	(64)
1. Economic Pressures and the Duty to Bargain	579	(1)
NLRB v. Insurance Agents' International Union (review)	579	(1)
Note: The Role of Economic Conflict in the Bargaining Process and the Causes of Strikes	579	(1)
2. Strikers and Replacements	580	(47)
a. The Mackay Radio Doctrine	580	(18)
NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.	580	(2)
Note: Reinstatement Rights of Replaced Economic Strikers	582	(1)
Notes and Questions	582	(5)
Note: Strike Settlement Agreements	587	(1)
Note: Proposals to Repeal or Modify Mackay Radio	588	(3)
Notes and Questions	591	(2)
Note: Unfair Labor Practice Strikes	593	(2)
Notes and Questions	595	(1)
Note: Honoring Picket Lines	596	(2)
b. The Role of Impact Analysis	598	(19)
NLRB v. Erie Resistor Corp.	598	(5)
Notes and Questions	603	(2)
NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers	605	(4)
Notes and Questions	609	(2)
Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Independent Federation of Flight Attendants	611	(5)
Notes and Questions	616	(1)
c. The Effect of Mackay on the Union's Majority Status	617	(10)
NLRB v. Curtin Matheson Scientific, Inc.	617	(8)
Notes and Questions	625	(2)
3. Lockouts	627	(10)
American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB	627	(6)
Note: Lockouts in Multiemployer Bargaining Units	633	(1)
Notes and Questions	634	(3)
4. Subcontracting Struck Work	637	(6)
Land Air Delivery, Inc. v. NLRB	637	(4)
Notes and Questions	641	(2)
B. Regulation of Collective Action by Labor Organizations	643	(74)
1. Constitutional Limitations on Government Regulation	643	(8)
Teamsters, Local 695 V. Vogt, Inc.	643	(3)
Notes and Questions	646	(5)
2. Secondary Pressures	651	(54)
a. The Primary/Secondary Distinction	652	(4)
Howard Lesnick, The Gravamen of the Secondary Boycott	652	(2)
Note: The Relationship Between Theories of the Strike and the Permissible Scope of Secondary Pressures	654	(2)
b. "Ally" Doctrine	656	(6)
NLRB v. Business Machine, Local 459 (Royal Typewriter Co.)	656	(4)
Notes and Questions	660	(2)
c. "Common Situs" Problems	662	(13)
Sailors' Union of the Pacific and Moore Dry Dock	663	(2)
Notes and Questions	665	(1)
NLRB v. Denver Building & Construction Trades Council	666	(2)
Notes and Questions	668	(1)
Local 761, International Union of Electric, Radio & Machine Workers v. NLRB (General Electric)	669	(4)
Notes and Questions	673	(2)
d. Appeals to Customers of Secondary Employers	675	(16)
NLRB v. Fruit & Vegetable Packers, Local	760
(Tree Fruits)	677	(4)
NLRB v. Retail Store Employees Union, Local 1001 (Safeco Title Insurance Co.)	681	(3)
Notes and Questions	684	(2)
Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Florida Gulf Coast Building & Construction Trades Council	686	(3)
Notes and Questions	689	(2)
e. "Hot Cargo" Clauses	691	(14)
National Woodwork Manufacturers Association v. NLRB	691	(3)
Notes and Questions	694	(5)
Note: "Right to Control" Doctrine of NLRB v. Enterprise Association of Steam Pipefitters	699	(1)
Notes and Questions	700	(1)
Note: Industry-Wide Provisos to §8(e)	701	(2)
Notes and Questions	703	(1)
Note: Remedies for Union Unfair Labor Practices	704	(1)
3. Work-Assignment Disputes	705	(5)
NLRB v. Plasterers' Local Union No. 79	705	(3)
Notes and Questions	708	(2)
4. Featherbedding and Make Work Practices	710	(5)
NLRB v. Gamble Enterprises, Inc.	711	(2)
Notes and Questions	713	(2)
5. Union Violence	715	(2)
8 The Enforcement of Collective Bargaining Agreements	717	(120)
A. The Grievance Arbitration Machinery	717	(31)
1. Discharge and Discipline	719	(13)
Grief Bros. Cooperage Corp.	719	(1)
Notes and Questions	720	(2)
Inter Pack Corp.	722	(4)
Notes and Questions	726	(2)
Safeway Stores, Inc.	728	(1)
Notes and Questions	729	(3)
2. Seniority and Job Allocation	732	(4)
Modern Woodcrafts	733	(2)
Notes and Questions	735	(1)
3. Subcontracting	736	(6)
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co.	736	(4)
Notes and Questions	740	(2)
4. Use of Past Practice	742	(5)
Richard Mittenthal, Past Practice and the Administration of Collective Bargaining Agreements	742	(3)
Notes and Questions	745	(2)
5. Grievance Arbitration and External Law	747	(1)
B. Arbitration and the Courts	748	(63)
1. Enforcement of the Agreement to Arbitrate	748	(27)
Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills of Alabama	748	(3)
Notes and Questions	751	(2)
United Steelworkers of America v. American Manufacturing Co.	753	(2)
United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior &' Gulf Navigation Co.	755	(6)
Notes and Questions	761	(3)
Note: ' Procedural Arbitrability'	764	(1)
Litton Financial Printing Division v. NLRB	765	(8)
Notes and Questions	773	(2)
2. Judicial Review of Arbitration Awards	775	(15)
a. Effectuation of the Parties' Intent	775	(7)
United Steelworkers of America v. Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp.	775	(2)
Notes and Questions	777	(5)
b. Public Policy Considerations	782	(8)
Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers, District 17	782	(5)
Notes and Questions	787	(3)
3. No-Strike Obligations	790	(21)
Note: Teamsters v. Lúcas Flour	790	(1)
Boys Markets, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Union, Local 770	791	(6)
Notes and Questions	797	(3)
Buffalo Forge Co. v. United Steelworkers of America	800	(5)
Notes and Questions	805	(3)
Note: Political Boycotts and the Norris-LaGuardia Act	808	(1)
Notes and Questions	809	(1)
Note: Union and Individual Employee Liability for Breach of No-Strike Obligations	810	(1)
C. Arbitration and the NLRB	811	(26)
1. Arbitration and Unfair Labor Practice Charges Under the NLRA	811	(19)
Note: The NLRB's Authority over Disputes Raising Contractual Issues	811	(3)
a. Pre-Arbitral or "Collyer" Deferral	814	(8)
United Technologies Corp.	814	(5)
Notes and Questions	819	(3)
b. Post Arbitral or "Spielberg" Deference	822	(8)
Olin Corp.	822	(5)
Notes and Questions	827	(3)
2. Arbitration and Claims Under Statutes Other than the NLRA	830	(7)
Note: Gardner-Denver, Gilmer, and the Tension Between the Two	830	(3)
Notes and Questions	833	(4)
9 Problems of Business Transformation	837	(44)
A. Successorship	837	(32)
1. Obligations Under the NLRA	837	(23)
NLRB v. Burns International Security Services, Inc.	837	(7)
Notes and Questions	844	(6)
Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB	850	(7)
Notes and Questions	857	(3)
2. Obligations Under the Collective Bargaining Agreement	860	(9)
Howard Johnson Co. v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees	860	(5)
Notes and Questions	865	(4)
B. Simultaneous Operation of Union and Nonunion Enterprises	869	(4)
Notes and Questions	870	(3)
C. Bankruptcy, Chapter 11 Reorganizations, and Collective Bargaining Agreements	873	(8)
Notes and Questions	875	(6)
10 Labor and the Antitrust Laws	881	(36)
A. Origins of Labor's Antitrust Exemption	881	(1)
Apex Hosiery v. Leader (review)	881	(1)
United States v. Hutcheson (review)	881	(1)
Notes and Questions	881	(1)
B. Unilateral Union Action and Agreements with "Labor Groups": The "Statutory" Exemption	882	(7)
H.A. Artists & Associates, Inc. v. Actors' Equity Association	882	(5)
Notes and Questions	887	(2)
C. Agreements with "Nonlabor Groups": The "Nonstatutory" Exemption	889	(28)
Allen Bradley Co. v. Local 3, IBEW	889	(3)
Notes and Questions	892	(1)
United Mine Workers v. Pennington	893	(4)
Notes and Questions	897	(2)
Local 189, Meat Cutters v. Jewel Tea Co.	899	(5)
Notes and Questions	904	(1)
Note: Brown v. Pro Football, Inc. and the Exemption of Employer Labor Market Restraints and Bargaining Tactics	905	(3)
Connell Construction Co. v. Plumbers, Local 100	908	(5)
Notes and Questions	913	(4)
11 Preemption of State Authority	917	(64)
A. Garnion Preemption	919	(22)
1. The Basic Doctrine	919	(5)
San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garnion	919	(2)
Notes and Questions	921	(3)
2. Exceptions to Garnion	924	(15)
Farmer, Special Administrator v. United Brotherhood of Carpenters, Local 25	924	(5)
Notes and Questions	929	(2)
Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. San Diego County District Council of Carpenters	931	(7)
Notes and Questions	938	(1)
3. The Problem of Retaliatory Lawsuits	939	(2)
B. Machinists Preemption	941	(26)
1. Regulation of Economic Conflict	941	(20)
Lodge 76, IAM (Machinists) v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission	941	(4)
Notes and Questions	945	(3)
Building & Construction Trades Council v. Associated Builders & Contractors (Boston Harbor)	948	(4)
Notes and Questions	952	(2)
Belknap, Inc. v. Hale	954	(4)
Notes and Questions	958	(2)
Note: Preemption of State Regulation of Unionization of Supervisors	960	(1)
2. "Minimum Terms" Legislation	961	(6)
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Massachusetts	961	(2)
Notes and Questions	963	(4)
C. Section 301 Preemption	967	(14)
Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck	967	(5)
Notes and Questions	972	(9)
12 Limited Sovereignty: The Relationship Between Employee and Bargaining Agent	981	(100)
A. The Union's Dual Constituency	982	(52)
Note: "Free Riders" and Union Security	982	(2)
1. "Right to Work" Laws: §14(b) States	984	(5)
a. Effect of "Right to Work" Laws	984	(1)
b. The Justification for "Right to Work" Laws?	985	(4)
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups	985	(2)
Notes and Questions	987	(2)
2. The Limits of Compulsory Participation in Non-14(b) States	989	(20)
a. The Obligation to Maintain "Membership"	989	(4)
NLRB v. General Motors Corp.	989	(3)
Notes and Questions	992	(1)
b. Use of Union Dues	993	(16)
Note: Conscientious Objection to Use of Union Dues Under the Railway Labor Act	994	(2)
Communications Workers of America v. Beck	996	(5)
Notes and Questions	1001	(3)
Note: Applications: Beck vs. RLA and Public Sector Precedents	1004	(5)
3. Exposure to Union Discipline	1009	(18)
NLRB v. Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co.	1009	(4)
Scofield v. NLRB	1013	(1)
NLRB v. Boeing Co.	1014	(1)
Notes and Questions	1015	(2)
Pattern Makers' League of North America v. NLRB	1017	(5)
Notes and Questions	1022	(1)
American Broadcasting Cos. v. Writers Guild of America	1023	(3)
Notes and Questions	1026	(1)
4. Freedom from Discrimination in Employment Rights	1027	(7)
Local 357, Teamsters v. NLRB	1027	(4)
Notes and Questions	1031	(1)
Note: Superseniority for Union Officers	1031	(2)
Notes and Questions	1033	(1)
B. The Duty of Fair Representation	1034	(47)
1. Early Judicial Development	1034	(4)
Steele v. Louisville & Nashville R.R.	1034	(3)
Notes and Questions	1037	(1)
2. Unfair Representation and the NLRB	1038	(1)
Note: The NLRB's Miranda Fuel
Doctrine	1038	(1)
Notes and Questions	1039	(1)
3. Contract Negotiation	1039	(18)
Air Line Pilots Association v. O'Neill	1039	(6)
Notes and Questions	1045	(3)
Barton Brands, Ltd. v. NLRB	1048	(3)
Notes and Questions	1051	(6)
4. Grievance Adjustment	1057	(20)
Vaca v. Sipes	1057	(7)
Notes and Questions	1064	(3)
Note: Hines v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc.	1067	(2)
Notes and Questions	1069	(3)
Breininger v. Sheet Metal Workers' Local Union No. 6	1072	(4)
Notes and Questions	1076	(1)
5. Procedural Aspects of Duty of Fair Representation Suits	1077	(4)
13 Regulation of Union Government and Administration	1081	(84)
Note: Union Control over Admission to Membership	1081	(1)
A. Free Speech and Assembly	1082	(19)
1. Union Controls on Speech by Rank-and-File Members	1083	(8)
Salzhandler v. Caputo	1083	(3)
Mitchell v. International Association of Machinists	1086	(1)
Notes and Questions	1087	(3)
Note: Procedural Aspects of Title I Actions	1090	(1)
2. Union Controls on Speech by Officials and Staff	1091	(10)
Finnegan v. Leu	1091	(3)
Sheet Metal Workers' International Association v. Lynn	1094	(5)
Notes and Questions	1099	(2)
B. "Due Process" in Union Tribunals	1101	(10)
1. "Otherwise Disciplined"	1101	(3)
Breininger v. Sheet Metal Workers' Local Union No. 6	1101	(2)
Notes and Questions	1103	(1)
2. 'A Full and Fair Hearing'	1104	(7)
Cornelio v. Metropolitan District Council of Philadelphia, United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners of America	1104	(2)
Notes and Questions	1106	(1)
International Brotherhood of Boilermakers v. Hardeman	1107	(3)
Notes and Questions	1110	(1)
C. Elections, Referenda, and Participatory Interests	1111	(35)
Note: The Enforcement Scheme of Title N of the LMRDA	1112	(2)
1. Eligibility Requirements and Other Obstacles	1114	(8)
Local 3489, United Steelworkers of America v. Usery	1114	(4)
Notes and Questions	1118	(4)
2. Overlap Between Titles I and IV of the LMRDA	1122	(17)
Calhoon v. Harvey	1122	(4)
Local No. 82, Furniture & Piano Moving Drivers v. Crowley	1126	(3)
Notes and Questions	1129	(4)
United Steelworkers of America v. Sadlowski	1133	(5)
Notes and Questions	1138	(1)
Note: Referenda	1138	(1)
3. Ratification Votes	1139	(7)
American Postal Workers Union, Headquarters Local 6885 v. American Postal Workers Union	1139	(3)
Notes and Questions	1142	(4)
D. Local-International Disputes: Trusteeships and Related Matters	1146	(5)
United Brotherhood of Carpenters v. Brown	1147	(2)
Notes and Questions	1149	(2)
E. Fiscal and Fiduciary Responsibility	1151	(14)
1. Reporting Requirements	1152	(1)
2. Fiduciary Obligations	1153	(6)
Highway Truck Drivers & Helpers, Local 107 v. Cohen	1153	(4)
Notes and Questions	1157	(2)
3. Regulation of Employee Welfare and Pension Funds	1159	(1)
4. Corruption	1160	(5)
Note: §302 of the LMRA	1160	(2)
Note: The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970 (RICO)	1162	(2)
Note: State Regulation of Union Corruption	1164	(1)
Table of Cases	1165	(20)
Table of Authorities	1185	(24)
Index	1209