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Laboratory Exercises
1. Introduction to Lab Science, Chemistry, Organs, Systems, and Organization of the Body 1
2. Microscopy 19
3. Cell Structure and Function 29
4. Tissues 47
5. Integumentary System 65
6. Introduction to the Skeletal System 75
7. Appendicular Skeleton 87
8. Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Hyoid 103
9. Axial Skeleton: Skull 117
10. Articulations 137
11. Muscle Physiology 155
12. Overview of Muscles and Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity 167
13. Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, Leg, and Foot 195
14. Muscles of the Head and Neck 215
15. Muscles of the Torso 227
16. Introduction to the Nervous System 237
17. Brain and Cranial Nerves 245
18. Spinal Cord and Somatic Nerves 269
19. Nervous System Physiology: Stimuli and Reflexes 281
20. Introduction to Sensory Receptors 291
21. Taste and Smell 297
22. Eye and Vision 303
23. Ear, Hearing, and Balance 315
24. Endocrine System 329
25. Blood 341
26. Blood Tests and Typing 349
27. Structure of the Heart 357
28. Electrical Conductivity of the Heart 371
29. Functions of the Heart 381
30. Introduction to Blood Vessels and Arteries of the Upper Body 389
31. Arteries of the Lower Body 405
32. Veins and Special Circulations 415
33. Functions of Vessels and the Lymphatic System 433
34. Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure 441
35. Structure of the Respiratory System 447
36. Respiratory Function, Breathing, and Respiration 459
37. Physiology of Exercise and Pulmonary Health 471
38. Anatomy of the Digestive System 477
39. Digestive Physiology 499
40. Anatomy of the Urinary System 507
41. Urinalysis 517
42. Male Reproductive System 523
43. Female Reproductive System 533
Appendix A Measurement Conversions 545
Appendix B Preparation of Materials 545
Appendix C Lab Reports 547
Appendix D Aids to Understanding Words 549
Index 550
