Landscape Pattern Analysis for Assessing Ecosystem Condition

by Johnson, Glen D.; Patil, Ganapati P.

• ISBN13: 9780387376844
• ISBN10: 0387376844
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-12-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

One of our greatest current challenges is the preservation and remediation of ecosystem integrity. This requires monitoring and assessment over large geographic areas, repeatedly over time, and cannot be practically fulfilled by field measurements alone. Remotely sensed imagery plays a crucial role by its ability to monitor large spatially continuous areas. This technology increasingly provides extensive spatial-temporal data; however, the challenge is to extract meaningful environmental information from such extensive data. This book presents a new method for assessing spatial pattern in raster land cover maps based on satellite imagery in a way that incorporates multiple pixel resolutions. This is combined with more conventional single-resolution measurements of spatial pattern and simple non-spatial land cover proportions to assess predictability of both surface water quality and ecological integrity within watersheds of the state of Pennsylvania (USA).

Author Biography

Glen Johnson is a Research Scientist with the New York State Department of Health and an Assistant Professor in the University at Albany, State University of New York, School of Public Health in Albany, New York. He holds a PhD in Quantitative Ecology, a Masters in Statistics and a Masters in Ecology. With a cross-disciplinary background, Glen has been involved with environmental issues ranging from toxicology to landscape ecology. He has since ventured into public health and currently specializes in observational epidemiological studies using large databases and spatial analysis of environmental and public health data. As part of this activity, he teaches "GIS and Public Health" each year and serves on several interagency GIS workgroups within New York State. G.P. Patil is know to everyone as "GP". He is Distinguished Professor of Mathematical and Environmental Statistics in the Department of Statistics at the Pennsylvania State University, and is a former Visiting Professor of Biostatistics at Harvard University in the Harvard School of Public Health. He has a Ph.D. in Mathematics, D.Sc. in Statistics, one Honorary Degree in Biological Sciences, and another in Letters. GP is a Fellow of American Statistical Association, Fellow of American Association of Advancement of Science, Fellow of Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute, Founder Fellow of the National Institute of Ecology and the Society for Medical Statistics in India.GP has been a founder of Statistical Ecology Section of International Association for Ecology and Ecological Society of America, a founder of Statistics and Environment Section of American Statistical Association, and a founder of the International Society for Risk Analysis. He is founding editor-in-chief of the international journal, Environmental and Ecological Statistics and founding director of the Penn State Center for Statistical Ecology and Environmental Statistics. He has published thirty volumes and three hundred research papers. GP has received several distinguished awards which include: Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award of the International Association for Ecology, Distinguished Achievement Medal for Statistics and the Environment of the American Statistical Association, Distinguished Twentieth Century Service Award for Statistical Ecology and Environmental Statistics of the Ninth Lukacs Symposium, Best Paper Award of the American Fisheries Society, and lately, the Best Paper Award of the American Water Resources Association, among others.Currently, GP is principal investigator of a multi-year NSF grant for surveillance geoinformatics for hotspot detection and prioritization across geographic regions and networks for digital government in the 21st Century. The project has a dual disciplinary and cross-disciplinary thrust. You are invited to do a live case study important for your in-house work.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	p. ix
List of Tables	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Loss of Biodiversity through Excessive Habitat Fragmentation	p. 2
Land Use Pattern and Surface Water Quality	p. 5
Quantifying Landscape Pattern	p. 5
Application to Watershed-Delineated Landscapes in Pennsylvania	p. 7
Land Cover Grids	p. 8
Watersheds based on the State Water Management Plan	p. 9
Methods for Quantitative Characterization of Landscape Pattern	p. 13
Single-resolution Measurements	p. 13
The Conditional Entropy Profile	p. 16
Computing Conditional Entropy of Expected Frequencies based on Single -Resolution Maps	p. 18
Illustrations	p. 23
Example 1: Checkerboard Map	p. 23
Example 2: Irregular Black and White Map	p. 26
Example 3: Illustration with Actual Landscapes	p. 36
Classifying Pennsylvania Watersheds on the Basis of Landscape Characteristics	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Clustering Watersheds into Common Groups	p. 43
Comparison to Conditional Entropy Profiles	p. 53
Predictability of Surface Water Pollution in Pennsylvania Using Watershed-Based Landscape Measurements	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Surface Water Pollution Assessment	p. 57
Nitrogen Loading	p. 57
Pollution Potential Index	p. 60
Selecting an Initial Set of Landscape Pattern Variables	p. 63
Linear Models for Relating Water Pollution Loading to Landscape Variables	p. 66
Predicting In-Stream Nitrogen Loading	p. 68
Predicting a Pollution Potential Index	p. 70
Interpretation	p. 72
Predictability of Bird Community-Based Ecological Integrity Using Landscape Variables	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Assessing Ecological Integrity using Songbird Community Composition	p. 80
Background	p. 80
Application to Breeding Bird Data	p. 85
Block-Level BCI Values	p. 85
Watershed-level Ecological Integrity	p. 86
Relating Landscape Attributes to the Songbird-based Assessments of Watershed-wide Ecological Integrity	p. 91
Linear Regression Modeling	p. 91
Clustering	p. 95
Conditional Entropy Profiles	p. 97
Ecological Integrity based on All Species in the Breeding Bird Atlas	p. 100
Relation to Landscape Attributes	p. 101
Comparison of the Different Methods for Computing a Bird Community Index	p. 104
Summary	p. 106
Summary and Future Directions	p. 109
References	p. 115
Index	p. 129
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