Language Arts Extending the Possibilities

by Hancock, Marjorie R.

• ISBN13: 9780130189905
• ISBN10: 0130189901
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-06-28
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Language Arts: Extending the Possibilities shares an insightful, developmental view of the language arts as childrens literature, visual literacy, and technology extend the dimensions of integrated language arts instruction. Expanding instructional horizons beyond reading/writing and listening/speaking to viewing/visual representation, the new language arts help prepare K-8 students with an array of receptive and communication options. Brimming with classroom-based lesson plans, new technology features, authentic childrens work samples, interdisciplinary connections, and assessment choices, this visually appealing text projects an innovative view of teaching and learning the language arts in the 21st century.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
PART 1 AN EXTENDED VISION OF THE LANGUAGE ARTS
A New Vision for the Language Arts: Exploring the Possibilities	1	(34)
The Standards for the English Language Arts	3	(3)
Defining Today's Language Arts	6	(3)
A Theoretical Framework for the Language Arts	9	(6)
From Theory to Practice: A Cognitive Developmental Perspective	9	(2)
From Theory to Practice: A Sociocultural Perspective	11	(1)
From Theory to Practice: A Response-Based Perspective	12	(2)
From Theory to Practice: A Constructivist Perspective	14	(1)
Principles of Language Arts Instruction	15	(16)
Principle 1: The Integrated Language Arts	18	(4)
Principle 2: The Role of Children's Literature	22	(2)
Principle 3: A Developmental Apprenticeship and Workshop Model	24	(4)
Principle 4: Meaning-Centered Comprehension and Communication	28	(1)
Principle 5: From Skills to Strategies in Authentic Contexts	29	(1)
Principle 6: Ongoing Assessment and Self-Reflection	30	(1)
Principle 7: The New Literacies and Technology	30	(1)
Closing Thoughts	31	(1)
References	32	(1)
Children's Books Cited	33	(2)
Teaching in the Language Arts Classroom: Creating a Learning Community	35	(32)
The Art of Language Arts Teaching	36	(2)
The Language Arts Classroom	38	(3)
Reflecting a Teaching Philosophy in a Classroom Environment	39	(1)
Five Aspects of the Classroom Environment	40	(1)
Fundamentals of Literacy-Rich Environments	41	(1)
The Primary Literacy-Rich Environment (Kindergarten---Grade 2)	42	(6)
Components of a Literacy-Rich Primary Learning Environment	43	(2)
The Primary Literacy Block Schedule	45	(3)
The Intermediate and Middle-Level Literacy-Rich Environment	48	(4)
Reading and Writing Workshop Schedule and Procedures	48	(4)
The Role of Literature in the Language Arts Classroom	52	(3)
Traditional and New Technology Tools for Instruction	55	(3)
Planning and Preparation of Language Arts Instruction	58	(3)
Effective Language Arts Teaching and Learning	61	(4)
Closing Thoughts	65	(1)
References	65	(1)
Children's Books Cited	66	(1)
Language as the Focus of Diversity: Portraits of Language Learners	67	(25)
Theories Supporting Second-Language Acquisition	69	(3)
Linguistic Diversity and the Language Learner	72	(2)
Types of English Language Learners	74	(2)
Long-Term English Language Learners	74	(1)
Recent Arrivals with Limited or Interrupted Schooling	74	(1)
Recent Arrivals with Adequate Schooling	75	(1)
Instructional Strategies for the English Language Learner	76	(4)
Real World Print	77	(1)
Utilizing Children's Own Writing	77	(1)
Reading as Preparation for Writing	77	(1)
Writing as Preparation for Reading	78	(1)
Webbing/Concept Mapping	78	(1)
Retelling and Summarizing	78	(1)
The Morning Message	78	(1)
Student and Teacher Journals	79	(1)
ESL Friendly Web Sites for Students and Teachers	79	(1)
Materials for Instruction of English Language Learners	80	(5)
Children's Literature: A Linguistically Rich World	81	(2)
Cultural Literary Connections	83	(2)
Multicultural Gateways Through Literature	85	(4)
Selection Criteria	85	(1)
Relevance of Multicultural Literature in the Language Arts Curriculum	86	(3)
Closing Thoughts	89	(1)
References	90	(1)
Children's Books Cited	91	(1)
PART 2 THE BEGINNINGS OF LANGUAGE CONNECTIONS
Emergent Literacy: Transitioning from Home to School	92	(30)
Emergent Literacy	94	(3)
Language Acquisition	97	(8)
A Continuum of Language Development	98	(1)
Halliday's Functions of Language	99	(1)
Cambourne's Conditions of Natural Learning	100	(5)
The Role of Literature in Beginning Reading	105	(5)
Concepts of Literacy Learned in Beginning Reading	109	(1)
The Beginnings of Writing	110	(8)
Common Principles in Early Writing	110	(5)
Concepts of Literacy Learned in Early Writing	115	(3)
Closing Thoughts	118	(1)
References	119	(2)
Children's Books Cited	121	(1)
Embarking on the Journey Toward Literacy (Grades K--2): The Literacy Apprenticeship	122	(35)
A Balanced Language Arts Program	124	(1)
Literature Study	125	(8)
Shared Reading	125	(4)
Interactive Storybook Reading	129	(1)
Reading Aloud and Reader Response	130	(3)
The Five Building Blocks of Reading	133	(5)
Phonemic Awareness	134	(1)
Phonics	135	(1)
Fluency	136	(1)
Vocabulary	136	(1)
Comprehension	137	(1)
Guided Reading	138	(6)
The Guided Reading Group Lesson	140	(3)
Literacy Centers	143	(1)
Guided Writing	144	(4)
Language Experience Approach	145	(1)
Shared Writing	145	(1)
Interactive Writing	146	(2)
Independent Reading	148	(1)
Independent Writing	149	(2)
Closing Thoughts	151	(3)
References	154	(2)
Children's Books Cited	156	(1)
PART 3 DEVELOPING, EXPANDING, AND REFINING LITERACY
Listening and Speaking: Talk in a Community of Learners	157	(32)
Listening: The Neglected Language Art	159	(2)
Listening for Different Purposes	159	(2)
Listening and Speaking Activities	161	(23)
Reading Aloud	161	(3)
Oral Response to a Read-Aloud	164	(2)
Book Talks	166	(2)
Interactive Storybook Reading	168	(1)
Story Retelling	168	(2)
Storytelling	170	(1)
Choral Reading	171	(2)
Readers Theatre	173	(4)
Puppetry	177	(1)
Creative Drama and Play Performance	178	(3)
Oral Reports and Presentations	181	(3)
Classroom Conversations: Informal Productive Talk	184	(1)
Literature Conversations	185	(1)
Closing Thoughts	185	(1)
References	186	(1)
Children's Books Cited	187	(2)
Continuing the Reading Apprenticeship: Reading Workshop and Comprehension Strategies (Grades 3--8)	189	(35)
Reading Workshop	191	(3)
Establishing Elements of a Reading Workshop	191	(1)
Structuring and Scheduling the Reading Workshop	192	(1)
Sharing Time	192	(1)
Reading Strategy Lessons	193	(1)
Organizing the Workshop	194	(1)
Reading and Responding	194	(1)
Group Sharing	194	(1)
Key Components of Reading Workshop	194	(18)
Literature Selection	195	(2)
Literature Response Journals	197	(7)
Project Response Options	204	(2)
Literature Conversations	206	(2)
Related Reading Workshop Activities	208	(4)
Strategic Reading	212	(7)
Defining Comprehension	213	(1)
Comprehension Strategies	214	(3)
Determining Which Strategies to Teach	217	(2)
Finding Time and Place for Strategy Instruction	219	(1)
Considering a Balanced Literacy Program	219	(2)
Closing Thoughts	221	(1)
References	222	(1)
Children's Books Cited	223	(1)
The Writing Apprenticeship: Steps Toward Literacy (Grades 3--8)	224	(37)
The Writing Apprenticeship Classroom	226	(1)
The Writing Process	227	(7)
The Writing Craft of an Apprentice	234	(3)
The Mentor	234	(1)
The Risk-Taking Environment	235	(1)
A Love of Language	235	(2)
Apprenticing the Writing Traits	237	(7)
Ideas and Content	237	(1)
Organization	238	(2)
Voice	240	(1)
Word Choice	241	(1)
Sentence Fluency	241	(1)
Writing Conventions	242	(1)
Presentation (the + 1 Trait)	243	(1)
The Writing Workshop	244	(9)
Literature	246	(1)
Minilesson	247	(2)
Writing and Writing Conferences	249	(2)
Sharing	251	(1)
Assessment of Writing Workshop	251	(2)
Blending the Writing Process and Writing Traits into a Writing Workshop	253	(2)
Closing Thoughts	255	(4)
References	259	(1)
Children's Books Cited	260	(1)
Narrative and Poetic Writing: Creating Young Authors	261	(30)
Narrative Writing	263	(10)
First Step into Narrative: Beginning, Middle, and End	263	(1)
Defining and Exploring the Elements of Story	264	(1)
Blending the Story Elements Through the Writing Craft	265	(3)
Narrative and the Writing Process	268	(1)
Children's Narrative Writing---A Developmental Perspective	269	(4)
Poetry Writing	273	(15)
Immersing Children in the Poetic Genre	275	(1)
Starting with the Senses	276	(1)
The Language of Poetry	277	(1)
Syllable and Word Count Poems	278	(1)
Rhymed Verse Poems	279	(1)
Free Form Poems	280	(3)
Poetry and the Writing Process	283	(1)
Children's Poetry---A Developmental Perspective	284	(2)
Assessing Children's Poetry	286	(2)
Closing Thoughts	288	(1)
References	289	(1)
Children's Books Cited	289	(2)
Expository Writing: Sharing Information in a Literary Mode	291	(31)
Reading Aloud Nonfiction	293	(1)
Expository Text Structure	294	(4)
Description	294	(1)
Sequence	294	(2)
Comparison and Contrast	296	(1)
Cause and Effect	296	(1)
Problem and Solution	296	(1)
Combination Text Structure	297	(1)
Creating Literary Nonfiction from Factual Information	298	(8)
Literary Nonfiction Techniques	302	(4)
Access Features: Visually Enhancing Expository Text	306	(3)
Putting It All Together: The Early Inquiry Process	309	(4)
Steps in the Early Inquiry Process	311	(2)
Putting It All Together: Progressing to an Informational Report	313	(6)
Selecting and Narrowing a Topic	314	(1)
Formulating Research Questions	314	(1)
Gathering Information from a Variety of Sources	315	(2)
Determining Text Structure	317	(1)
Drafting, Revising, and Editing the Report	317	(1)
Selecting Appropriate Access Features	318	(1)
Presentation of the Expository Report	318	(1)
Closing Thoughts	319	(1)
References	320	(1)
Children's Books Cited	321	(1)
Viewing and Visual Representation: Extending the Language Arts	322	(39)
The Picture Book and Visual Literacy	325	(9)
Selecting Picture Books	326	(1)
Artistic Design in Picture Books	327	(2)
Artistic Style in Picture Books	329	(1)
Artistic Media in Picture Books	330	(3)
Graphic Techniques in Picture Books	333	(1)
Viewing/Visual Representation as a Complement to Writing	334	(9)
Art as Rehearsal for Writing	334	(2)
Sketch-to-Stretch Strategy	336	(2)
Sketchbook Journals	338	(3)
Learning Logs and Visual Representation	341	(2)
Art as Response to Literature	343	(3)
Illustrator Studies	343	(1)
Art Elements as Response	343	(3)
Viewing and Visual Representation Through Webbing	346	(6)
Viewing Films, Videos, DVDs, and CD-ROMs	352	(5)
Literature-Based Opportunities Through Film	352	(3)
Viewing Content Area Information Through Videos and DVDs	355	(2)
Viewing the Internet	357	(1)
Closing Thoughts	358	(1)
References	358	(1)
Children's Books Cited	359	(1)
Software Cited	360	(1)
PART 4 TOOLS TO ENHANCE COMMUNICATION AND ACCESS INFORMATION
Supportive Tools for Writing: Spelling, Grammar, Mechanics, Handwriting, and Word Processing	361	(35)
Spelling	363	(13)
A Developmental Perspective on Spelling	363	(6)
An Environment for Teaching Spelling	369	(2)
An Instuctional Plan for Teaching Spelling	371	(5)
Final Thoughts on Spelling	376	(1)
Grammar and Mechanics	376	(12)
Literature as the Model of Writing Conventions	382	(1)
Using Minilessons to Teach Writing Conventions	383	(3)
Editing and Proofreading Workshop	386	(2)
Handwriting and Word Processing	388	(5)
Manuscript and Cursive Handwriting	388	(2)
Handwriting Instruction	390	(2)
Word Processing	392	(1)
Closing Thoughts	393	(1)
References	394	(1)
Children's Books Cited	395	(1)
Technology and the Language Arts: Exploring the New Literacies	396	(38)
Technology, Language Arts, and the New Literacies	398	(5)
Language Arts Software	403	(10)
Software for Reading Development	406	(6)
Software for Writing Development	412	(1)
The Internet: Pathway to Teaching and Learning	413	(18)
Using the Internet to Plan Literacy Instruction	415	(3)
Using the Internet for Visual Exploration: Primary Grades (K--2)	418	(1)
Using the Internet for Student Exploration (Grades 3--8)	419	(8)
Internet Sites for Electronic Communication and Publishing	427	(4)
Closing Thoughts	431	(1)
References	432	(1)
Children's Books Cited	433	(1)
Software Cited	433	(1)
PART 5 EXTENDING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE LANGUAGE ARTS
Interdisciplinary Instruction: Language Arts Connections to the Content Areas	434	(33)
Language Arts Across the Disciplines	436	(2)
Literature Across the Disciplines	438	(1)
Language as Communication Across the Disciplines	438	(2)
Interdisciplinary Language Arts	440	(1)
Social Studies and Language Arts Connections	440	(9)
Across the Country (and Around the World) Through Picture Books	441	(2)
Reflecting on History Through Readers Theatre, Drama, and First-Hand Accounts	443	(2)
From Picture Book Biographies to Bio-Poems	445	(2)
Using Historical Fiction as a Base for Response and Character Journals	447	(1)
Putting It All Together: Thematic Social Studies Unit	447	(2)
Mathematics and Language Arts: From Story Problems to Problem Solving	449	(7)
Math Journals	450	(2)
Authoring Mathematics	452	(1)
Literature and Mathematics	453	(2)
Writing with a Mathematical Focus	455	(1)
Language Arts and Science: From Observation to Data Analysis	456	(8)
Science Logs	457	(1)
Science and Literature	458	(1)
Expository and Narrative Science Writing	459	(1)
Putting It All Together: Science-Based Thematic Units	459	(5)
Closing Thoughts	464	(1)
References	464	(1)
Children Books Cited	465	(2)
Literacy Assessment: Monitoring Ongoing Growth and Progress	467	(36)
The Purposes of Literacy Assessment	469	(3)
The Assessment Cycle	471	(1)
Authentic Language Arts Assessment	472	(18)
Portrait of the Literacy Learner: Surveys and Interviews	473	(2)
Observation Strategies	475	(7)
Rubrics: Performance-Based Scoring Guides	482	(2)
Self-Evaluation and Reflection	484	(6)
Literacy Collections as Assessment	490	(2)
Literacy Portfolios	490	(2)
Literacy Profiles	492	(1)
Prescribed Literacy Assessment	492	(2)
Reporting Literacy Assessment to Parents	494	(5)
Progress Reports: A Traditional Format	495	(1)
Conferences: A Reflective Experience	496	(3)
The Issue of High-Stakes Testing	499	(1)
Closing Thoughts	500	(1)
References	501	(1)
Children's Books Cited	502	(1)
Index	503