Language Learning in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing Multiple Pathways

by Easterbrooks, Susan R.; Baker, Sharon

• ISBN13: 9780205331000
• ISBN10: 0205331009
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-09-18
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book looks at the acquisition of language by children with hearing losses and proposes multiple pathways by which children can acquire a useable system of communication.Recent advances in the education of students who are deaf and hard of hearing have brought new insights into imparting the ability to communicate to this population. This book addresses the language development process from multiple perspectives, drawing on the latest research in bilingual biculturalism, cochlear implant technology and neuroscience. The book presents a unique view of language development, proposing that there are multiple pathways to the acquisition of a system of communication.For parents and educators working with deaf and hard of hearing children.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xi
An Introduction to the Language Instruction of Children Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing	1	(32)
Language Issues within the Context of History	2	(11)
The Early Records	3	(1)
The Beginnings of Deaf Education	3	(1)
Tracing the Path of Language Instruction Using Sign Language	3	(4)
Tracing the Path of Oral Language Instruction	7	(3)
The Path of Contention between Oralism and Manualism	10	(2)
Tracing the Path of the Intuitive Approach to Teaching Language	12	(1)
The Swinging Pendulum	12	(1)
Language Issues within the Context of Instruction	13	(12)
Auditory and Visual Approaches Used in Recent Times	13	(3)
Structured, Natural, and Combined Approaches	16	(9)
Language Issues within the Context of Technology	25	(1)
Language Issues within the Context of Culture	26	(2)
Language Issues within the Context of the Law	28	(3)
Summary	31	(1)
Questions for Critical Thinking	32	(1)
Language Acquisition in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing	33	(34)
The Nature of Language	34	(5)
Language Has Form	34	(1)
Language Involves Representation	35	(1)
Languages Are Arbitrary	36	(1)
Languages Are Shared	36	(1)
The Elements of Language: Form, Content, and Use	36	(3)
Theories of Language Development	39	(1)
Principles of Language Institution	39	(1)
Stages of Language Development	40	(15)
Prelinguistic stage in Infants Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing	41	(7)
Single-Word/Single-Sign Stage	48	(2)
Early Word Combinations	50	(1)
Multiword Combinations	50	(3)
Adult-Like Language Skills	53	(2)
The Critical Period for First Language Acquisition	55	(3)
Factors That Contribute to Language Acquisition	58	(5)
Early Exposure to Language	58	(1)
Mother-Child Interactions	59	(2)
Language Uptake	61	(2)
The Influence of Bilingualism on Deaf Education	63	(2)
Hard of Hearing Children	65	(1)
Summary	65	(1)
Questions for Critical Thinking	66	(1)
Multiple Pathways to Language Learning	67	(30)
How Children Learn Language	67	(13)
Linguistic/Information Processing Theory	68	(2)
Neuropsychological Theory	70	(3)
Cognitive-Socialization Theory	73	(3)
Relationship of Theories to Philosophies and Approaches	76	(1)
Additional Perspectives on Appropriate Pathways	76	(2)
Where Students Are Taught	78	(2)
Heterogeneity of the Population	80	(16)
Deaf Students with Deaf Parents	82	(1)
Deaf Students with Hearing Parents	83	(2)
Deaf Students with Cochlear Implants	85	(2)
Hard of Hearing Students	87	(3)
Students with Central Auditory Processing Disorders	90	(1)
Hearing Students from Culturally Deaf Families	91	(1)
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students Who Have Not Had Early Intervention	91	(1)
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students with Secondary Disorders	92	(2)
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students Whose Home Language Is Not English	94	(2)
Summary	96	(1)
Questions for Critical Thinking	96	(1)
Assessment of Language	97	(61)
Standards for Assessment	97	(2)
Why Do We Assess?	99	(5)
New Referrals	99	(1)
Planning Instruction	100	(2)
Documenting Progress	102	(1)
End-of Year Evaluation	102	(1)
Legal Mandates	103	(1)
Types of Tests and Test Scores	104	(3)
Norm-Referenced Tests	104	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	104	(1)
Standard Scores	104	(1)
Percentile Rank	105	(1)
Age-Equivalent Scores	105	(1)
Grade-Equivalent Scores	106	(1)
Issues in Assessment of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students	107	(5)
Formal and Informal Measures of Language	112	(17)
Formal Tests of Language	112	(8)
Informal Procedures for Language Assessment	120	(9)
Evaluators and Students	129	(8)
Types of Evaluators	129	(8)
Choosing a Battery of Tests and Other Assessment Procedures	137	(3)
Designing an Assessment Plan	137	(2)
A Closer Look at Services and Placement	139	(1)
Language Development versus Language Disorders	140	(1)
Summary	141	(1)
Questions for Critical Thinking	141	(17)
Appendix A Available Tests	142	(13)
Appendix B Instructions for Using Checklist of Emerging ASL Skills	155	(3)
From Theory to Practice	158	(40)
Pragmatic Intent: The Heart and Soul of Language Learning	158	(3)
Language Instruction in Students Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing	161	(13)
Learning a First Language at School	167	(4)
Learning about Language: A Challenge to All Pathways	171	(1)
Learning Information through Language	172	(2)
Language Learning Principles	174	(3)
Language Instructional Approaches, Practices, and Techniques	177	(11)
Language Instructional Approaches	177	(3)
Language Instructional Practices	180	(5)
Language Instructional Techniques, Strategies, and Activities	185	(3)
Considering the Needs of the Individual	188	(4)
Planning Language Instruction	192	(5)
Sample Examination of a Language Objective	192	(5)
Summary	197	(1)
Questions for Critical Thinking	197	(1)
Answering and Asking Questions: Keys to Conversation	198	(32)
The Relationship between Questioning and Conversation	199	(6)
Purposes of Conversation	201	(1)
Why Children Have Difficulty with Questions and Conversations	201	(2)
Reversing the Cycle of Conversational Poverty	203	(2)
The Johnson Conversational Model	205	(4)
Promoting Conversation and Questioning Skills	209	(9)
Tools for the Enhancement of Conversation and Questioning	211	(6)
Strategies for Repairing Conversational Breakdowns	217	(1)
Question Forms in English	218	(8)
A Morphosyntactic Look at Questions	218	(3)
A Pragmatic Look at Questions	221	(2)
The Special Case of How Questions	223	(3)
Question Formation in ASL	226	(2)
ASL Question Types	226	(2)
The Elephant in the Livingroom	228	(1)
Summary	229	(1)
Questions for Critical Thinking	229	(1)
English and ASL Grammar	230	(73)
Orientation to English Language Structure	231	(2)
Orientation to the Components of ASL	233	(3)
Glossing ASL	233	(1)
Fingerspelling	234	(1)
Loan Signs	234	(1)
Eight Types of Signs	235	(1)
Simultaneity Principle	235	(1)
Five Basic Sentence Types	235	(1)
An Examination of Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Nominalized Forms of English	236	(3)
Suggestions for Teaching Nouns and Nominals	238	(1)
Members of the Noun Phrase, Complement, and Nominalized System	239	(1)
Phases of Acquisition	239	(1)
Noun Issues in ASL	239	(8)
Spatial Reference	239	(7)
Pronouns	246	(1)
An Examination of Verbs, Verb Phrases, and the Auxiliary System of English	247	(10)
Suggestions for Teaching Verbs, Verb Phrases, and the Auxiliary System	247	(1)
Members of the Verb System	248	(9)
Hierarchy of the Verb Phrase System	257	(1)
Verbs in ASL	257	(4)
Movement, Space, and Directionality	257	(1)
Classifiers Used as Verbs	257	(2)
Intransitive Verbs	259	(1)
Transitive Verbs	259	(1)
Tense and Aspect	260	(1)
An Examination of English Adjectives, Adjective Phrases, and Advanced Adjectival Forms	261	(7)
Suggestions for Teaching Adjectives, Adjective Phrases, and Advanced Adjectival Forms	262	(1)
Members of the Adjective System	262	(6)
Hierarchy of the Adjective System	268	(1)
Adjective Issues in ASL	268	(3)
ASL Adjectives	268	(1)
Numerical Incorporation	268	(1)
Relative Clauses	268	(3)
An Examination of English Adverbs, Adverb Phrases, and Advanced Adverb Forms	271	(1)
Suggestions for Teaching Adverbs, Adverb Phrases, and Advanced Adverb Forms	271	(1)
Members of the Adverbial System	272	(4)
Hierarchy of the Adverb System	276	(1)
Adverb Issues in ASL	2?6	(279)
One-Word Adverbs and Adverbial Morphemes	278	(1)
Prepositional Phrases	278	(1)
Adverbial Clauses	278	(1)
An Examination of the Negation System of English	279	(1)
Suggestions for Teaching Negation	279	(1)
Types of Negation and the Negation Hierarchy	280	(1)
Negation Issues in ASL	280	(1)
Summary	281	(1)
Question for Critical Thinking	281	(1)
References	282	(21)
Index	303