Language Mixing in Infant Bilingualism A Sociolinguistic Perspective

by Lanza, Elizabeth

• ISBN13: 9780198235750
• ISBN10: 0198235755
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-05-08
• Publisher: Clarendon Press

Summary

This study examines the simultaneous acquisition of Norwegian and English by two first-born children each with one American and one Norwegian parent. Lanza investigates the issue of language mixing in relation to language dominance and the child's differentiation between the two languages in relation to the communicative demands of the context.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xiii	(1)
List of Tables	xiv	(1)
Abbreviations and Symbols	xv
1. Introduction	1	(16)
1.0 Introduction	1	(1)
1.1 Language system and language mixing	2	(2)
1.2 The one-system or two-system hypotheses	4	(1)
1.3 Language mixing and bilingualism:a sociolinguistic perspective	5	(6)
1.4 Simultaneous or successive acquisition of two languages?	11	(2)
1.5 Language exposure patterns for establishing early bilingualism	13	(2)
1.6 Overview of the book	15	(2)
2. Language Mixing: Some Linguistic, Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, and Sociolinguistic Issues	17	(54)
2.0 Introduction	17	(1)
2.1 'Bilingualism as a first language'	17	(32)
2.1.1 Leopold's diary study	18	(5)
2.1.2 Swain and Wesche(1975)	23	(4)
2.1.3 Volterra and Taeschner (1978)	27	(5)
2.1.4 Redlinger and Park (1980)	32	(6)
2.1.5 Vihman(1985)	38	(7)
2.1.6 Other studies	45	(4)
2.1.7 Summary	49	(1)
2.2 Some empirical claims of separate development	49	(10)
2.2.1 Language mixing from language input	50	(3)
2.2.2 Cases for separate lexical and syntactic development	53	(6)
2.3 One system or two?	59	(3)
2.4 Are bilinguals the sum of two monolinguals?	62	(2)
2.5 Awareness of language and language choice	64	(5)
2.5.1 What is metalinguistic awareness?	64	(1)
2.5.2 Bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness	65	(4)
2.6 Conclusion	69	(2)
3. A Study in Infant Bilingualism	71	(44)
3.0 Introduction	71	(1)
3.1 The place and the languages	71	(10)
3.1.1 Norway as a multicultural land	71	(5)
3.1.2 English in Norway	76	(2)
3.1.3 "The Norwegian language	78	(1)
3.1.4 Mothers and fathers as primary caregivers in American and Norwegian society	79	(2)
3.2 Research design	81	(9)
3.2.1 A case for the case study	81	(1)
3.2.2 Participants: search and selection	82	(4)
3.2.3 The children and their families	86	(4)
3.2.3.1 Siri	87	(2)
3.2.3.2 Tomas	89	(1)
3.3 Data collection	90	(11)
3.3.1 Types of data	91	(2)
3.3.2 Recording method and schedules	93	(4)
3.3.3 Summary evaluation of the data	97	(4)
3.4 The analysis	101	(2)
3.4.1 The transcript	101	(2)
3.4.2 The units of analysis	103	(1)
3.5 Language mixing or not: dealing with bilingual child language data	103	(11)
3.5.1 The problem of interpretation	103	(2)
3.5.2 The problem of language assignment	105	(2)
3.5.3 Phonological extensions and language mixing	107	(7)
3.6 Conclusion	114	(1)
4. Language Mixing by the Young Bilingual Child: Some Formal Aspects	115	(83)
4.0 Introduction	115	(1)
4.1 Do children have formal grammatical categories?	115	(8)
4.1.1 Are early categories semantic/pragmatic or syntactic in nature?	116	(4)
4.1.2 A transition from child grammar to adult grammar	120	(3)
4.2 Linguistic units	123	(4)
4.2.1 Utterances and mixed utterances	123	(1)
4.2.2 Units in the child's system, and lexical and grammatical morphemes	124	(3)
4.3 The children's utterances with lexical and grammatical morphemes	127	(8)
4.4 Formal categories of mixes and dominance	135	(41)
4.4.1 Directionality of mixing as an indicator of dominance	136	(27)
4.4.1.1 English verb + Norwegian suffix	138	(5)
4.4.1.2 English noun + Norwegian suffix	143	(5)
4.4.1.3 Norwegian modal auxiliary + English verb	148	(1)
4.4.1.4 Norwegian determiner + English noun	149	(2)
4.4.1.5 Norwegian pronouns and English pronouns	151	(6)
4.4.1.6 Negation	157	(3)
4.4.1.7 Mixing of other closed class items	160	(3)
4.4.1.8 Tomas's mixed utterances	163	(1)
4.4.2 Blends	163	(4)
4.4.3 Language-specific word order	167	(2)
4.4.4 Discussion	169	(7)
4.5 Formal categories of mixes and code-switching	176	(20)
4.5.1 Postulated constraints on intra-sentential code-switching	177	(1)
4.5.2 Code-switching, dominance or borrowing?	178	(18)
4.5.2.1 Distribution of bilingual children's mixed items by word class	179	(7)
4.5.2.2 Bilingual children's mixing and the Matrix Language Frame Model	186	(7)
4.5.2.3 Discussion	193	(3)
4.6 Conclusion	196	(2)
5. Language Choice by the Young Bilingual Child: Form and Function in Discourse	198	(50)
5.0 Introduction	198	(1)
5.1 Language choice in conversational discourse	198	(7)
5.1.1 Assumption of discourse analysis	199	(1)
5.1.2 The unit of speech: the turn at talk	200	(5)
5.2 Siri's language choice: a developmental perspective	205	(29)
5.2.1 Siri's turns at talk: an overview	205	(3)
5.2.2 Siri's choice of English, Norwegian, and mixed utterances	208	(5)
5.2.3 Mixed turns and non-mixed turns	213	(2)
5.2.4 Lexical vs. grammatical mixing	215	(5)
5.2.5 Siri's lexical mixing	220	(13)
5.2.6 Discussion	233	(1)
5.3 Tomas's language choice: a developmental perspective	234	(11)
5.3.1 Tomas's turns at talk: an overview	234	(1)
5.3.2 Tomas's choice of English, Norwegian, and mixed utterances	235	(3)
5.3.3 Tomas's use of English in discourse	238	(6)
5.3.4 Discussion	244	(1)
5.4 Conclusion	245	(3)
6. Language Mixing and Language Input: Parental Discourse Strategies	248	(70)
6.0 Introduction	248	(1)
6.1 Language input in language acquisition	248	(5)
6.1.1 Language input in first and second language acquisition	249	(1)
6.1.2 Language input in bilingual families	250	(3)
6.2 Language input and context	253	(7)
6.2.1 Definitions of context	253	(1)
6.2.2 The negotiation of context	254	(6)
6.3 Discourse context for language mixing	260	(12)
6.3.1 Parental discourse strategies towards child language mixing	260	(1)
6.3.2 A monolingual-bilingual context continuum	261	(8)
6.3.3 Discussion	269	(3)
6.4 Siri's language input	272	(31)
6.4.1 Siri's mother's discourse strategies towards mixing	272	(10)
6.4.2 Siri's discourse strategies towards mixing	282	(10)
6.4.3 Siri in triadic interactions with her parents	292	(9)
6.4.4 Discussion	301	(2)
6.5 Tomas's language input	303	(13)
6.5.1 Overview of language input in Tomas's home	303	(1)
6.5.2 Tomas's mother discourse strategis towards mixing	304	(6)
6.5.3 Tomas's father's discourse strategies towards mixing	310	(4)
6.5.4 Tomas in triadic interactions with his parents	314	(1)
6.5.5 Discussion	315	(1)
6.6 Conclusion	316	(2)
7. Conclusion	318	(10)
7.0 Introduction	318	(1)
7.1 Summary of the major findings	318	(1)
7.2 More detailed summary of findings and their generality	319	(5)
7.3 Implications and directions for future research	324	(4)
Appendices	328	(34)
I. Description of Language Samples: Siri and Tomas	328	(3)
II. Siri: Mixed Utterances	331	(16)
III. Tomas: Mixed Utterances	347	(2)
IV. Consent Form	349	(1)
V. Conventions for Transcribing Tapes	350	(4)
VI. Keeping a Diary of a Bilingual Child's Language Development	354	(2)
VII. Extra Tables (not in the text)	356	(6)
References	362	(27)
Index	389