Large-scale 3D Data Integration: Challenges and Opportunities

by Zlatanova; Sisi

• ISBN13: 9780849398988
• ISBN10: 0849398983
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-10-14
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Large-Scale 3D Data Integration: Challenges and Opportunities examines the fundamental aspects of 3D geo-information, focusing on the latest developments in 3D GIS (geographic information) and AEC (architecture, engineering, construction) systems. This book addresses policy makers, designers and engineers, and individuals that need to overcome obstacles in integrating modeling perspectives and data.Organized into four major parts, the book begins by presenting a historical overview of the issues involved in integrating GIS and AEC. Part II then focuses on the data issue from several viewpoints: data collection; database structures and representation; database management; and visualization. Part III covers the areas of semantics, ontology, and standardization from a theoretical perspective and details many of the best examples of this approach in developing real-world applications. The book concludes with contributions that focus on recent advances in virtual geographic environments and alternative modeling schemes for the potential AEC/GIS interface.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(9)
Sisi Zlatanova
David Prosperi
PART I Nature of the Problem
Bridging the Worlds of CAD and GIS	9	(30)
Peter van Oosterom
Jantien Stoter
Erik Jansen
Introduction	10	(4)
Problems when Bridging the Gap between CAD and GIS	11	(2)
Overview	13	(1)
Case Studies Integrating CAD and GIS	14	(9)
Plan Development	14	(1)
Example 1: Hubertus Tunnel	14	(1)
Example 2: Cycle Tunnel, Houten	14	(2)
Visualization	16	(1)
Example 1: Bridge Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal near Utrecht	16	(1)
Example 2: Karma System	17	(1)
Data Collection	18	(1)
Example 1: 3D Cadastral Parcel	18	(1)
Example 2: Point Clouds	18	(3)
Location-Based Services	21	(1)
Example 1: Augmented Reality	21	(1)
Example 2: Disaster Management	22	(1)
Analyzing the Open Issues when Bridging the Gap between GIS and CAD	22	(1)
Conversions and Multiple Representations	23	(3)
Conversions between and within GIS	23	(1)
Conversions between and within CAD	24	(1)
Functional and Thematic Semantic Aspects	25	(1)
Multiview Modeling	25	(1)
Framework for Bridging the Gap between GIS and CAD	26	(6)
Formal Semantics	27	(2)
Formal Geometry Semantics in the GIS Domain	29	(2)
Formal Geometry Semantics in the CAD Domain	31	(1)
Integrated Data Management	31	(1)
Conclusions	32	(7)
Acknowledgments	33	(1)
References	33	(2)
Appendix A: Differences between CAD and GIS	35	(4)
PART II Data Handling and Modeling
3D Data Acquisition and Object Reconstruction for AEC/CAD	39	(18)
C. Vincent Tao
Introduction	39	(1)
3D Building Reconstruction Approaches	40	(12)
Image-Based 3D Data Acquisition	41	(1)
Stereo Image Based	41	(3)
Single (or Monoscopic) Image Based	44	(2)
Multiple Image Based	46	(1)
Point Cloud-Based Approaches	47	(1)
Overview	47	(1)
Building Detection	48	(1)
3D Building Reconstruction	48	(1)
Hybrid Approaches	49	(3)
Comparisons and Analysis	52	(1)
Concluding Remarks	53	(4)
Acknowledgments	53	(1)
References	54	(3)
Three-Dimensional Representations and Data Structures in GIS and AEC	57	(30)
Roberto Lattuada
Introduction: A Case for GIS/AEC Integration	58	(3)
GIS and AEC Object Types	61	(3)
Characteristics of Geo-Scientific Data	62	(1)
Noise, Errors, and Data Uncertainty	63	(1)
Spatial Representations	64	(1)
Surface Modeling in 3D GIS	65	(5)
Volume Modeling in 3D GIS	70	(6)
Boundary Representations	71	(1)
Boundary Representations Using Iso-Surfaces	71	(1)
Boundary Representations Using Discrete Smooth Interpolation	72	(1)
Boundary Representations Using 3D Component Modeling	73	(1)
Spatial Occupancy Enumeration	74	(2)
Cell Decomposition	76	(1)
Requirements for a Common 3D GIS/AEC Data Modeling Solution	76	(1)
Inadequacies of CAD Systems for Geo-Scientific Modeling	77	(1)
Extending 2D GIS Systems to Three Dimensions	78	(1)
The Extended Simplex Model (ESM)	79	(2)
A Solution for Integrated AEC/GIS Modeling	81	(1)
Critical Analysis of the Extended Simplex Model	82	(1)
Conclusions	82	(5)
References	83	(4)
3D Geo-DBMS	87	(30)
Martin Breunig
Sisi Zlatanova
Geo-DBMS: Historical Development and State of the Art	88	(1)
Benefits of Using DBMS for GIS and AEC Applications	88	(4)
Providing DBMS Standard Functionality	88	(1)
Extending the DBMS to a Geo-DBMS (2D and 3D)	89	(1)
Geo-DBMS Models: Geometry vs. Topology	90	(1)
Object-Relational vs. Object-Oriented DBMS	91	(1)
Toward 3D Geo-DBMS	92	(11)
Geometry	92	(1)
Simple Nature-Formed Objects	92	(1)
Complex Nature-Formed Objects	93	(1)
Simple Man-Made Objects	93	(2)
Complex Man-Made Objects	95	(2)
Topology	97	(1)
Nature-Made Geo-Objects	97	(2)
Man-Made Geo-Objects	99	(2)
3D Spatial Access Methods	101	(1)
3D Spatial Predicates, Functions, and Operations	102	(1)
3D Extensions for Spatial Query Languages	102	(1)
3D in Present DBMS	103	(4)
3D Objects in Object-Oriented DBMS	103	(2)
3D Objects in Object-Relational DBMS	105	(1)
Using 2D Data Types	105	(2)
Using a New 3D Data Type	107	(1)
Case Studies	107	(4)
AEC Case Study, ``Modeling the Interior of the Aula, the Congress Center of TUDelft''	107	(2)
GIS Case Study, ``3D Geological Modeling of an Open Cast Mine in the Lower Rhine Basin''	109	(2)
Summary and Outlook: Toward Bridging AEC and GIS	111	(6)
References	113	(4)
Interaction and Visualization of 3D City Models for Location-Based Services	117	(22)
Heiko Blechschmied
Volker Coors
Markus Etz
Introduction	117	(2)
Augmented Reality and Location-Based Service Projects	119	(4)
Archeoguide	119	(1)
Geist	120	(1)
TellMaris	121	(1)
LoVEUS	122	(1)
LBS Architecture Used in LoVEUS	123	(6)
System Architecture	123	(3)
Multimedia Database	126	(1)
Representation	126	(1)
Data Repository	127	(1)
Connection between Multimedia DB and GIS DB	128	(1)
Handling of Three-Dimensional Visualizations	128	(1)
J2ME Mobile 3D Graphics	129	(1)
Creating and Transmitting a 3D Map to Mobile Devices	129	(3)
Examples	132	(1)
Conclusions	133	(6)
References	134	(5)
PART III Interoperability
Ontology and Semantic Interoperability	139	(22)
Thomas Bittner
Maureen Donnelly
Stephan Winter
Introduction	139	(1)
Languages and Communication Processes	140	(1)
Semantic Heterogeneity	141	(1)
Ontologies	142	(4)
Logic-Based Ontologies	142	(1)
Nonlogic-Based Ontologies	143	(1)
Meta-Standards vs. Reference Ontologies	144	(1)
Logic-Based Reasoning	145	(1)
Interoperability	145	(1)
Standards and Reference Ontologies for Spatial Information Systems	146	(6)
Spatial Data Standards and Their Limitations	146	(1)
Standards for the Spatial Component	147	(3)
Limitations of Today's Data Standards for CAD, AEC, and GIS Integration	150	(2)
Reference, Domain, and Top-Level Ontologies	152	(4)
Domain Ontologies as Reference Ontologies	152	(1)
Top-Level Ontologies	153	(1)
Important Components of Top-Level Ontologies	154	(1)
Top-Level Ontologies for CAD, AEC, and GIS Integration	155	(1)
Summary	156	(5)
Acknowledgments	157	(1)
References	157	(4)
Data Integration and Interoperability: OGC Standards for Geo-Information	161	(16)
Carl Reed
Introduction to the Problem	162	(1)
Discussion	163	(1)
What Is the OGC?	163	(1)
The OGC Abstract Specification	163	(1)
How Current OGC Standards Can Be Used for CAD/GIS Integration	164	(5)
Seamless Visualization: Web Map Service Interface Specification	165	(1)
Returning CAD/GIS Content to the Client -- The Web Map Service Interface Specification	165	(1)
Specifying Portrayal Rules	166	(1)
The Web Terrain Service Interface Specification	167	(1)
Communicating and Transporting CAD/GIS Content in an Open, Interoperable Manner: Geography Markup Language (GML) 3.1	168	(1)
LandGML ←→ LandXML: An example of CAD/Survey/GIS Content Sharing that Maintains Semantic Integrity	169	(2)
A Bit about LandXML	170	(1)
The LandXML ←→ LandGML Interoperability Experiment	170	(1)
LandXML ←→ LandGML Demonstration	171	(1)
Putting a Standards-Based CAD/GIS Workflow in Place	171	(3)
What's Next?	174	(3)
References	174	(3)
PART IV Alternatives
3D Topological Framework for Robust Digital Spatial Models	177	(34)
Rodney J. Thompson
Introduction	178	(1)
Outline of This Chapter	179	(1)
Nomenclature	179	(2)
Open and Closed	179	(1)
Continuity	180	(1)
Accuracy and Resolution	180	(1)
Geometric Primitives	180	(1)
Background	181	(6)
Case 1. Rounding, Accuracy, and Resolution	181	(1)
Case 2. Polygon Union	182	(1)
Case 3. Geometric Equality	182	(3)
Case 4. ISO 19107 Definition of isSimple()	185	(1)
Case 5. Adjoining Polygon Points	186	(1)
Case 6. Datum Conversion	187	(1)
Topology in 2D and 3D	187	(2)
Topological Cleaning Operation	187	(1)
Levels of Topology in 3D	188	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives	189	(5)
Realm-Based Geometry and Topology	189	(3)
Constraint Database Approach	192	(1)
Region Connection Calculus	193	(1)
The Rational Polygonal Region	194	(1)
The Regular Polytope	194	(9)
Half Space	195	(1)
Convex Polytope	195	(1)
Regular Polytope Representation	196	(3)
Operations on Regular Polytopes	199	(1)
Regular Polytope Equality	200	(1)
Dual Representation of Regular Polytope	200	(3)
Data Storage Requirements	203	(1)
Review of the Case Studies	204	(2)
Case 1. Rounding, Accuracy, and Resolution	204	(1)
Case 2. Polygon Union	204	(1)
Case 3. ISO 19107 Definition of Equals	204	(1)
Case 4. ISO 19107 Definition of isSimple()	204	(1)
Case 5. Adjoining Polygon Points	204	(1)
Case 6. Datum Conversion	205	(1)
Conclusions	206	(1)
Future Research	206	(5)
Implementation Issues	206	(1)
Contiguity	206	(1)
Floating Point Representations	206	(1)
Approximated Polytrope Representation	206	(2)
Lower Dimensionality Objects	208	(1)
The ``ROSE'' Algebra	208	(1)
References	208	(3)
Virtual Geographic Environments	211	(22)
Hui Lin
Qing Zhu
Introduction	211	(6)
From Map to GIS and VGEs	212	(2)
Defining VGEs	214	(2)
Interfaces of VGEs	216	(1)
The Multidimensional Representations	217	(9)
The Multiview Interface	219	(1)
Visualization of Abstract and Thematic Information	220	(1)
Time-Dependent Data Visualization	221	(2)
LOD and View-Dependent LOD Models	223	(2)
Image-Based Modeling and Rendering	225	(1)
The Natural Interactions	226	(3)
Speech Interface	227	(1)
Hand Gesture Interface	227	(1)
Sketch Interface	227	(1)
Geocollaboration	228	(1)
Conclusion	229	(4)
References	230	(3)
Index	233