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The definitive guide for identifying fungi from clinical specimens
With a new team of authors, Larone’s Medically Important Fungi, Seventh Edition, continues the longstanding tradition of high-quality content to expand your knowledge and support your work in clinical mycology by:
With Larone’s Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification, both novices and experienced professionals in clinical microbiology laboratories can confidently identify commonly encountered fungi.
Lars F. Westblade, PhD, D(ABMM) is the Director of the Clinical Microbiology Service at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center and Associate Professor at Weill Cornell Medicine with a primary appointment in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and a secondary appointment in the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. He earned his doctoral degree from the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, and completed a fellowship in medical and public health laboratory microbiology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
Eileen M. Burd, PhD, D(ABMM) is the Director of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory at Emory University Hospital and Professor at Emory University School of Medicine with a primary appointment in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and a secondary appointment in the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases. She earned her doctoral degree from the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee and was the Division Head of Microbiology at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan prior to joining the faculty at Emory University in 2007.
Shawn R. Lockhart, PhD, D(ABBM) FAAM is the Senior Clinical Laboratory Advisor in the Mycotic Diseases Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. He earned his doctoral degree from the University of Kentucky and completed his clinical microbiology fellowship at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. He directs the CDC training course in mold identification.
Gary W. Procop, MD, MS is the CEO of the American Board of Pathology and Professor of Pathology at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine. He remains a Consulting Staff for the Institute of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, where he served as Medical Director for the Mycology Laboratory for more than two decades. He earned his doctoral degree from the Marshall University School of Medicine. His residency in anatomic and clinical pathology was completed at Duke University and his medical microbiology fellowship at the Mayo Clinic.
List of Tables x
Preface to the Seventh Edition xx
Preface to the First Edition xx
Acknowledgments xx
About the Authors xx
Basics 000
How To Use the Guide 0
Use of Reference Laboratories and Regulations for Transport 00
Safety Precautions 00
Taxonomy and Nomenclature 00
PART I
Direct Microscopic Examination of Clinical Specimens 000
Introduction 000
Histological Terminology 000
Tissue Reactions to Fungal Infections 000
Stains 000
TABLE 1.1 Histochemical stains for fungi and/or filamentous bacteria in tissue 000
Guide to Interpretation of Direct Microscopic Examination 000
Detailed Descriptions 000
Actinomycosis 000
Mycetoma (Actinomycotic or Eumycotic) 000
Nocardiosis
Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) 000
Aspergillosis 000
Miscellaneous Hyalohyphomycoses (Other than Aspergillosis) 000
Dermatophytosis (Tinea, Ringworm) 000
Tinea versicolor 000
Tinea nigra 000
Phaeohyphomycosis 000
Chromoblastomycosis 000
Sporotrichosis 000
Histoplasmosis 000
Emergomycosis 000
Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) 000
Blastomycosis 000
Paracoccidioidomycosis 000
Lobomycosis
Candidiasis
Trichosporonosis
Cryptococcosis
Pneumocystosis
Protothecosis
Coccidioidomycosis 000
Rhinosporidiosis 000
Adiaspiromycosis 000
PART II
Identification of Fungi in Culture 000
Guide to Identification of Fungi in Culture 000
Detailed Descriptions 000
Filamentous Bacteria 000
Introduction to Filamentous Bacteria 000
TABLE 2.1 Differentiation of filamentous aerobic actinomycetes encountered in clinical specimens 000
Nocardia spp. 000
Streptomyces spp. 000
Actinomadura spp. 000
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei 000
Yeasts and Yeastlike Organisms 000
Introduction to Yeasts and Yeastlike Organisms 000
Candida albicans 000
TABLE 2.2 Characteristics of the genera of clinically encountered yeasts and yeastlike organisms 000
Candida dubliniensis 000
TABLE 2.3 Characteristics of Candida spp. most commonly encountered in the clinical laboratory 000
TABLE 2.4 Characteristics that assist in differentiating Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans 000
Candida tropicalis 000
Candida parapsilosis species complex 000
Candida lusitaniae 000
Candida krusei 000
TABLE 2.5 Differentiating characteristics of Geotrichum capitatum (formerly Blastoschizomyces capitatus) versus Candida krusei 000
TABLE 2.6 Differentiating characteristics of Candida krusei, Candida inconspicua, and Candida norvegensis 000
Candida kefyr 000
Candida rugosa species complex 000
Candida guilliermondii species complex 000
Thermally Monomorphic Moulds 000
Mucormycetes 000
Introduction to Mucormycetes 000
TABLE 2.11 Differential characteristics of similar organisms in the class Mucormycetes 000
TABLE 2.12 Differential characteristics of the clinically encountered Rhizopus spp. 000
Rhizopus spp. 000
Mucor spp. 000
Rhizomucor spp. 000
Lichtheimia corymbifera species complex 000
Apophysomyces elegans species complex 000
Saksenaea vasiformis 000
Cokeromyces recurvatus 000
Cunninghamella bertholletiae 000
Syncephalastrum racemosum 000
Basidiobolus spp. 000
Dermatophytes 000
Introduction to Dermatophytes 000
Latin Terms for Dermatophyte Infections 000
Microsporum audouinii 000
Microsporum canis 000
Paraphyton cookei species complex (formerly Microsporum cookei species complex) 000
Nannizzia gypsea species complex (formerly Microsporum gypseum species complex) 000
Lophophyton gallinae (formerly Microsporum gallinae [zoophilic form] and Microsporum vanbreuseghemii [geophilic form])
Nannizzia nana (formerly Microsporum nanum)
Microsporum ferrugineum
Hyaline Hyphomycetes 000
Introduction to Hyaline Hyphomycetes 000
Fungi in Which Arthroconidia Predominate 000
TABLE 2.21 Differential characteristics of fungi in which arthroconidia predominate
Malbranchea spp. 000
Pseudogymnoascus pannorum (formerly Geomyces pannorum)
Arthrographis kalrae
Hormographiella aspergillata
Common Species of Aspergillus 000
The genus Aspergillus
Aspergillus fumigatus species complex
Aspergillus niger species complex
Aspergillus flavus species complex 000
PART III
Basics of Molecular Methods for Fungal Identification 000
Introduction 000
Fungal Targets 000
TABLE 3.1 Frequently used fungal gene targets and primers for sequence-based species identification 000
TABLE 3.2 Examples of fungal gene targets and primers for multilocus sequence-based species identification 000
Classic Molecular Identification Methods 000
Polymerase Chain Reaction 000
Non-Sequencing-Based Identification Methods 000
MALDI-TOF 000
Mass Spectrometry 000
Signal Amplification Methods 000
PNA FISH 000
Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods 000
T2 Magnetic Resonance 000
Broad-Panel Molecular Testing and Other Emerging Sample-to-Answer Technologies 000
Sequencing-Based Identification Methods 000
Sanger Sequencing 000
TABLE 3.3 Lane construction for traditional bidirectional Sanger sequencing 000
Massive Parallel or Next-Generation Sequencing 000
Applications of DNA Sequencing 000
Accurate Molecular Identification 000
TABLE 3.4 Commonly used databases for identification of medically-important fungi 000
Phylogenetic Analysis
Organism Typing
Detection of Genetic Determinants of Resistance
PART IV
Laboratory Technique 000
Laboratory Procedures 000
Collection and Preparation of Specimens 000
TABLE 4.1 Common clinical sites for laboratory recovery of pathogenic fungi 000
Methods for Direct Microscopic Examination of Specimens 000
Primary Isolation 000
TABLE 4.2 Media for primary isolation of fungi 000
Macroscopic Examination of Cultures 000
Microscopic Examination of Growth 000
Procedure for Identification of Yeasts 000
Isolation of Yeast When Mixed with Bacteria
Germ Tube Test for the Presumptive Identification of Candida albicans 000
Rapid Enzyme Tests for the Presumptive Identification of Candida albicans 000
Caffeic Acid Disk Test 000
Olive Oil Disks for Culturing Malassezia spp. 000
Conversion of Thermally Dimorphic Fungi in Culture 000
Sporulation Inducement Method for Apophysomyces and Saksenaea 000
In vitro Hair Perforation Test (for Differentiation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum) 000
Temperature Tolerance Testing 000
Maintenance of Stock Fungal Cultures 000
Controlling Mites 000
Staining Methods 000
Acid-Fast 000
Modified Kinyoun Stain for Nocardia spp.
Acid-Fast Stain for Ascospores
Ascospore Stain 000
Calcofluor White Stain
Giemsa Stain 000
Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) Stain 000
Gram Stain (Hucker Modification) 000
Lactophenol Cotton Blue 000
Lactophenol Cotton Blue with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) (Huber’s PVA Mounting Medium, Modified) 000
Rehydration of Paraffin-Embedded Tissue (Deparaffination) 000
Media 000
Ascospore Media 000
Assimilation Media (for Yeasts) 000
Birdseed Agar (Niger Seed Agar; Staib Agar) 000
Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar 000
Buffered Charcoal-Yeast Extract (BCYE) Agar 000
Canavanine Glycine Bromothymol Blue (CGB) Agar 000
Casein Agar 000
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with 15% NaCl 000
Sabouraud Dextrose Broth 000
Starch Hydrolysis Agar 000
Trichophyton Agars 000
Tyrosine Agar
Urea Agar
Water Agar
Image Appendix 000
Glossary 000
References Cited 000
Index 000
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