Laser Electronics

by Verdeyen, Joseph T.

• ISBN13: 9780137066667
• ISBN10: 013706666X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1994-07-19
• Publisher: PEARSO

Summary

Best seller for introductory courses in Laser Electronics and Quantum Electronics. This is a practical approach to introductory laser electronics that emphasizes real-world applications and problem-solving skills over theory, providing a clear understanding of both optical and microwave frequencies.

Table of Contents

List of Symbols	xx
Preliminary Comments	1	(2)
Note to the students	3	(3)
References	6	(2)
Review of Electromagnetic Theory	8	(27)
Introdution	8	(1)
Maxwell's Equations	9	(1)
Wave Equation for Free Space	10	(1)
Algebraic Form of Maxwell's Equations	11	(1)
Waves in Dielectrics	12	(1)
The Uncertainty Relationships	13	(2)
Spreading of an Electromagnetic Beam	15	(1)
Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media	16	(4)
Elementary Boundary Value Problems in Optics	20	(3)
Snell's Law	20	(1)
Brewster's Angle	21	(2)
Coherent Electromagnetic Radiation	23	(5)
Example of Coherence Effects	28	(7)
Problems	31	(3)
References and Suggested Readings	34	(1)
Ray Tracing in an Optical System	35	(28)
Introduction	35	(1)
Ray Matrix	35	(2)
Some Common Ray Matrices	37	(2)
Applications of Ray Tracing: Optical Cavities	39	(3)
Stability: Stability Diagram	42	(2)
The Unstable Region	44	(1)
Example of Ray Tracing in a Stable Cavity	44	(3)
Repetitive Ray Paths	47	(1)
Initial Conditions:Stable Cavities	48	(1)
Initial Conditions: Unstable Cavities	49	(1)
Astigmatism	50	(1)
Continuous Lens-Like Media	51	(5)
Propagation of a Ray in an Inhomogeneous Medium	53	(1)
Ray Matrix for a Continuous Lens	54	(2)
Wave Transformation by a Lens	56	(7)
Problems	57	(5)
References and Suggested Readings	62	(1)
Gaussian Beams	63	(23)
Introduction	63	(1)
Preliminary Ideas: TEM Waves	63	(3)
Lowest-Order TEM0,0 Mode	66	(4)
Physical Description of TEM0,0 Mode	70	(3)
Amplitude of the Field	70	(1)
Longitudinal Phase Factor	71	(1)
Radial Phase Factor	72	(1)
Higher-Order Modes	73	(3)
ABCD law for Gaussian beams	76	(3)
Divergence of the Higher-Order Modes: Spatial Coherence	79	(7)
Problems	80	(4)
References and Suggested Readings	84	(2)
Guided Optical Beams	86	(44)
Introduction	86	(1)
Optical Fibers and Heterostructures: A Slab Waveguide Model	87	(3)
Zig-Zag Analysis	87	(2)
Numerical Aperture	89	(1)
Modes in a Step-Index Fiber (or a Heterojunction Laser): Wave Equation Approach	90	(6)
TE Mode (Ez = 0)	92	(2)
TM Modes (Hz = 0)	94	(1)
Graphic Solution for the Propagation Constant: ``R'' and ``V'' Parameters	95	(1)
Gaussian Beams in Graded Index (GRIN) Fibers and Lenses	96	(6)
Perturbation Theory	102	(3)
Dispersion and Loss in Fibers: Data	105	(4)
Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media: Theory	109	(7)
Optical Solitons	116	(14)
Problems	122	(5)
References and Suggested Readings	127	(3)
Optical Cavities	130	(14)
Introduction	130	(1)
Gaussian Beams in Simple Stable Resonators	130	(3)
Application of the ABCD Law to Cavities	133	(4)
Mode Volume in Stable Resonators	137	(7)
Problems	139	(3)
References and Suggested Readings	142	(2)
Resonant Optical Cavities	144	(28)
General Cavity Concepts	144	(1)
Resonance	144	(4)
Sharpness of Resonance: Q and Finesse	148	(3)
Photon Lifetime	151	(3)
Resonance of the Hermite-Gaussian Modes	154	(2)
Diffraction Losses	156	(1)
Cavity With Gain: An Example	157	(15)
Problems	159	(11)
References and Suggested Readings	170	(2)
Atomic Radiation	172	(35)
Introduction and Preliminary Ideas	172	(1)
Blackbody Radiation Theory	173	(6)
Einstein's Approach: A and B Coefficients	179	(4)
Definition of Radiative Processes	179	(2)
Relationship Between the Coefficients	181	(2)
Line Shape	183	(4)
Amplification by an Atomic System	187	(4)
Broadening of Spectral Lines	191	(9)
Homogeneous broadening mechanisms	191	(5)
Inhomogeneous Broadening	196	(4)
General Comments on the Line Shape	200	(1)
Review	200	(7)
Problems	201	(4)
References and Suggested Readings	205	(2)
Laser Oscillation and Amplification	207	(53)
Introduction: Threshold Condition for Oscillation	207	(1)
Laser Oscillation and Amplification in a Homogeneous Broadened Transition	208	(4)
Gain Saturation in a Homogeneous Broadened Transition	212	(11)
Laser Oscillation in an Inhomogeneous System	223	(6)
Multimode Oscillation	229	(1)
Gain Saturation in Doppler-Broadened Transition: Mathematical Treatment	230	(4)
Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE)	234	(4)
Laser Oscillation: A Different Viewpoint	238	(22)
Problems	242	(16)
References and Suggested Readings	258	(2)
General Characteristics of Lasers	260	(87)
Introduction	260	(1)
Limiting Efficiency	260	(3)
Factors in the efficiency	260	(1)
Two, 3, 4, :::, n level lasers	261	(2)
CW Laser	263	(11)
Traveling Wave Ring Laser	264	(3)
Optimum Coupling	267	(2)
Standing Wave Lasers	269	(5)
Laser Dynamics	274	(10)
Introduction and model	274	(2)
A sub-threshold system	276	(1)
A CW laser: threshold conditions	276	(1)
A sinusoidal modulated pump	277	(3)
A sudden ``step'' change in excitation rate	280	(2)
Pulsed excitation gain switching	282	(2)
Q Switching, Q Spoiling, or Giant Pulse Lasers	284	(12)
Mode Locking	296	(15)
Preliminary considerations	296	(2)
Mode locking in an inhomogeneous broadened laser	298	(6)
Active mode locking	304	(7)
Pulse Propagation in Saturable Amplifiers or Absorbers	311	(6)
Saturable Absorber (Colliding Pulse) Mode Locking	317	(5)
Additive-Pulse Mode Locking	322	(25)
Problems	324	(20)
References and Suggested Readings	344	(3)
Laser Excitation	347	(93)
Introduction	347	(1)
Three- and Four-Level Lasers	348	(3)
Ruby Lasers	351	(7)
Rare Earth Lasers and Amplifiers	358	(18)
General Considerations	358	(1)
Nd:YAG lasers: Data	359	(3)
Nd:YAG Pumped by a Semiconductor Laser	362	(7)
Neodymium-Glass Lasers	369	(2)
Erbium-Doped-Fiber-Amplifiers	371	(5)
Broad-Band Optical Gain	376	(9)
Band-to-Band Emission and Absorption	376	(1)
Theory of Band-to-Band Emission and Absorption	377	(8)
Tunable Lasers	385	(11)
General Considerations	385	(1)
Dye Lasers	386	(5)
Tunable Solid State Lasers	391	(4)
Cavities for Tunable Lasers	395	(1)
Gaseous-Discharge Lasers	396	(15)
Overview	396	(1)
Helium-Neon Laser	397	(6)
Ion Lasers	403	(2)
CO2 Lasers	405	(6)
Excimer Lasers: General Considerations	411	(6)
Formation of the Excimer State	412	(3)
Excitation of the Rare Gas-Halogen Excimer Lasers	415	(2)
Free Electron Laser	417	(23)
Problems	423	(11)
References and Suggested Readings	434	(6)
Semiconductor Lasers	440	(62)
Introduction	440	(4)
Overview	440	(2)
Populations in Semiconductor Laser	442	(2)
Review of Elementary Semiconductor Theory	444	(5)
Density of States	445	(4)
Occupation Probability: Quasi-Fermi Levels	449	(1)
Optical Absorption and Gain in a Semiconductor	450	(14)
Gain Coefficient in a Semiconductor	454	(5)
Spontaneous Emission Profile	459	(1)
An Example of an Inverted Semiconductor	460	(4)
Diode Laser	464	(6)
Homojunction Laser	464	(3)
Heterojunction Lasers	467	(3)
Quantum Size Effects	470	(12)
Infinite Barriers	470	(6)
Finite Barriers: An Example	476	(6)
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers	482	(4)
Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers	486	(16)
Static Characteristics	488	(1)
Frequency Response of Diode Lasers	489	(3)
Problems	492	(7)
References and Suggested Readings	499	(3)
Advanced Topics in Laser Electromagnetics	502	(87)
Introduction	502	(1)
Semiconductor Cavities	503	(6)
TE Modes (Ez = 0)	505	(2)
TM Modes (Hz = 0)	507	(1)
Polarization of TE and TM Modes	508	(1)
Gain Guiding: An Example	509	(7)
Optical Confinement and Effective Index	516	(1)
Distributed Feedback and Bragg Reflectors	517	(17)
Introduction	517	(3)
Coupled Mode Analysis	520	(4)
Distributed Bragg Reflector	524	(1)
A Quarter-Wave Bandpass Filter	525	(3)
Distributed Feedback Lasers (Active Mirrors)	528	(3)
Tunable Semiconductor Lasers	531	(3)
Unstable Resonators	534	(9)
General Considerations	534	(6)
Unstable Confocal Resonator	540	(3)
Integral Equation Approach to Cavities	543	(12)
Mathematical Formulation	543	(4)
Fox and Li Results	547	(3)
Stable Confocal Resonator	550	(5)
Field Analysis of Unstable Cavities	555	(7)
ABCD Law for ``Tapered Mirror'' Cavities	562	(6)
Laser Arrays	568	(21)
System Considerations	568	(1)
Semiconductor Laser Array: Physical Picture	568	(2)
Supermodes of the Array	570	(4)
Radiation Pattern	574	(1)
Problems	574	(11)
References and Suggested Readings	585	(4)
Maxwell's Equations and the ``Classical'' Atom	589	(27)
Introduction	589	(1)
Polarization Current	590	(2)
Wave Propagation With Active Atoms	592	(4)
The Classical A21 Coefficient	596	(1)
(Slater) Modes of a Laser	597	(5)
Slater Modes of a Lossless Cavity	598	(2)
Lossy Cavity With a Source	600	(2)
Dynamics of the Fields	602	(7)
Excitation Clamped to Zero	602	(1)
Time Evolution of the Field	603	(6)
Summary	609	(7)
Problems	610	(5)
References and Suggested Readings	615	(1)
Quantum Theory of the Field-Atom Interaction	616	(65)
Introduction	616	(1)
Schrodinger Description	617	(4)
Derivation of the Einstein Coefficients	621	(3)
Dynamics of an Isolated Atom	624	(3)
Density Matrix Approach	627	(6)
Introduction	627	(1)
Definition	628	(5)
Equation of Motion for the Density Matrix	633	(2)
Two-Level System	635	(4)
Steady State Polarization Current	639	(4)
Multilevel or Multiphoton Phenomena	643	(8)
Raman Effects	651	(14)
Phenomena	651	(3)
A Classical Analysis of the Raman Effect.	654	(6)
Density Matrix Description of the Raman Effect	660	(5)
Propagation of Pulses: Self-Induced Transparency	665	(16)
Motivation for the Analysis	665	(1)
A Self-Consistent Analysis of the Field-Atom Interaction	666	(4)
``Area'' Theorem	670	(3)
Pulse Solution	673	(3)
Problems	676	(3)
References and Suggested Readings	679	(2)
Spectroscopy of Common Lasers	681	(16)
Introduction	681	(1)
Atomic Notation	681	(3)
Energy Levels	681	(1)
Transitions: Selection Rules	682	(2)
Molecular Structure: Diatomic Molecules	684	(7)
Preliminary Comments	684	(1)
Rotational Structure and Transitions	685	(1)
Thermal Distribution of the Population in Rotational States	686	(1)
Vibrational Structure	687	(1)
Vibration-Rotational Transitions	688	(1)
Relative Gain on P and R Branches: Partial and Total Inversions	689	(2)
Electronic States in Molecules	691	(6)
Notation	691	(1)
The Franck-Condon Principle	692	(1)
Molecular Nitrogen Lasers	692	(1)
Problems	693	(2)
References and Suggested Readings	695	(2)
Detection of Optical Radiation	697	(32)
Introduction	697	(1)
Quantum Detectors	697	(4)
Vacuum Photodiode	698	(1)
Photomultiplier	699	(2)
Solid-State Quantum Detectors	701	(6)
Photoconductor	701	(2)
Junction Photodiode	703	(3)
p-i-n Diode	706	(1)
Avalanche Photodiode	707	(1)
Noise Considerations	707	(2)
Mathematics of Noise	709	(4)
Sources of Noise	713	(5)
Shot Noise	713	(1)
Thermal Noise	714	(2)
Noise Figure of Video Amplifiers	716	(1)
Background Radiation	717	(1)
Limits of Detection Systems	718	(11)
Video Detection of Photons	718	(4)
Heterodyne System	722	(3)
Problems	725	(3)
References and Suggested Readings	728	(1)
Gas-Discharge Phenomena	729	(50)
Introduction	729	(2)
Terminal Characteristics	731	(1)
Spatial Characteristics	732	(2)
Electron Gas	734	(12)
Background	734	(1)
``Average'' or ``Typical'' Electron	734	(7)
Electron Distribution Function	741	(2)
Computation of Rates	743	(2)
Computation of a Flux	745	(1)
Ionization Balance	746	(2)
Example of Gas-Discharge Excitation of a CO2 Laser	748	(10)
Preliminary Information	748	(1)
Experimental Detail and Results	748	(2)
Theoretical Calculations	750	(3)
Correlation Between Experiment and Theory	753	(3)
Laser-Level Excitation	756	(2)
Electron Beam Sustained Operation	758	(7)
Problems	761	(3)
References and Suggested Readings	764	(1)
Appendices
I An Introduction to Scattering Matrices	765	(5)
II Detailed Balancing or Microscopic Reversibility	770	(4)
III The Kramers-Kronig Relations	774	(5)
Index	779