Laser Surface Treatment of Bio-implant Materials

by Hao, Liang; Lawrence, Jonathan

• ISBN13: 9780470016879
• ISBN10: 0470016876
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-18
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

The biomaterials technology industry is already well established in the western world and is growing rapidly within Asian Pacific nations. It is often described as the 'next electronics industry', whilst the laser is described as a 'solution looking for a problem'. This book describes the use of the laser to solve a troublesome and costly problem in a rapidly growing global industry. The authors have spent many years conducting research using laser materials processing and wettability characteristics and have perfected a technique to improve the bio-compatibility of various bone-implant materials using laser irradiation. They have made pioneering discoveries on the subject and established some generic theories and principals that will have a wide range of applications in the biomaterials field. Introduces inter-disciplinary research work covering laser materials processing and surface modification of biomaterials for enhanced compatibility. Includes highly scientific and novel research material. Serves both as a practitioner guide and a reference book. Covers an exciting and rapidly developing area of technology that is of keen interest to engineers and clinicians alike. Laser Surface Treatment of Bio-Implant Materials is rare in providing a reference source that describes specifically a mechanical engineering solution to a biotechnology problem. It serves as both a practitioner guide and a medium to high-level reference text book, and as such is a reference source for the engineer practising or looking to move into the biomaterials field, undergraduate and post graduate students and those conducting bio-related research in either academia or industry. It will prove useful to mechanical engineers, biotechnologists, biomechanical engineers, metallurgists, clinicians and even surgeons.

Author Biography

Dr Jonathan Lawrence is an Assistant Professor in the Manufacturing Engineering Division of the School of Mechanical & Production Engineering at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.  His current research interests include the further inveestigation of the effects of laser radiation on the wettability characteristics of selected ceramics, metals, natural and man-made bio-materials and plastics.

Dr Liang Hao recently completed a PhD at Nanyang Technological University , Singapore on CO2 laser treatments, and is now a research associate based at the Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering at Loughborough University, UK.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xiii
Introduction	xv
Bio-Implants and Surface Modification of Biomaterials	xv
Wettability in Biomaterials Science and Modification Techniques	xvi
Lasers and Their Application for Modification of the Biomaterials	xvii
1 Bioactivity and Biointegration of Orthopaedic and Dental Implants	1	(10)
1.1 Introduction	1	(2)
1.1.1 Biocompatibility	2	(1)
1.1.2 Host Response to Biomaterials	2	(1)
1.1.3 In vitro Models of Biological Response to Implants	2	(1)
1.2 Bioactivity of Bone Implants	3	(2)
1.2.1 The Mechanism of Apatite Formation	3	(1)
1.2.2 Functional Group	4	(1)
1.3 Biointegration of Orthopaedic and Dental Implants	5	(1)
1.3.1 Osseointegration	5	(1)
1.3.2 Bone Cell Adhesion [44]	5	(1)
1.3.3 Osteoblast—Material Interactions	6	(1)
1.4 Controlling the Bone—Implant Interface	6	(5)
1.4.1 Physicochemical Methods	7	(1)
1.4.2 Biochemical Methods [9]	7	(4)
2 Surface Modification of Biomaterials	11	(12)
2.1 Introduction	11	(2)
2.1.1 Orthopaedic and Dental Implants	11	(1)
2.1.2 Surface Properties of Biomaterials	12	(1)
2.1.3 Surface Analysis of Biomaterials	12	(1)
2.2 Ceramic Implants [65]	13	(2)
2.2.1 Nearly Bioinert Ceramics 164, 691	13	(1)
2.2.2 Alumina	14	(1)
2.2.3 Zirconia Ceramics	14	(1)
2.3 Metallic Implants	15	(2)
2.3.1 Mechanical Properties	16	(1)
2.3.2 Corrosion	16	(1)
2.4 Surface Modification of Biomaterials	17	(2)
2.4.1 Introduction	17	(1)
2.4.2 Radiation Grafting and Photografting 1761	17	(1)
2.4.3 Plasma Surface Modification of Biomaterials	18	(1)
2.4.4 Ion Beam Processing	18	(1)
2.4.5 Other Methods [65]	19	(1)
2.5 Laser Surface Modification of Biomaterials	19	(4)
2.5.1 Introduction	19	(1)
2.5.2 Laser Patterning and Micro fabrication	20	(1)
2.5.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) of Biocompatible Ceramics	20	(1)
2.5.4 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation and MAPLE Direct Write	21	(1)
2.5.5 Other Laser Surface Treatments	21	(2)
3 Wettability in Biomaterials Science and Modification Techniques	23	(14)
3.1 Introduction	23	(1)
3.2 Wettability, Adhesion and Bonding: Theoretical Background	23	(6)
3.2.1 The Wetting Process	23	(1)
3.2.2 Contact Angle and Work of Adhesion	24	(1)
3.2.3 Surface Energy and the Dispersive/Polar Characteristics	25	(3)
3.2.4 Physical Bonding	28	(1)
3.2.5 Mechanical Bonding	28	(1)
3.2.6 Chemical Bonding	28	(1)
3.3 Wettability in Biomaterial Science	29	(4)
3.3.1 Biomaterial Interfaces [110]	29	(1)
3.3.2 Tensiometry	29	(1)
3.3.3 Interfacial Biophysics	30	(1)
3.3.4 Thermodynamic Concepts in Biomaterials Science	31	(2)
3.4 Current Methods of Wettability Modification	33	(2)
3.4.1 Chemical Reactions	33	(1)
3.4.2 Plasma Surface Modification	33	(1)
3.4.3 Ion Beam Processing	34	(1)
3.4.4 Radiation Grafting	34	(1)
3.4.5 UV and Ozone	34	(1)
3.4.6 Corona Discharge	35	(1)
3.4.7 Electrowetting	35	(1)
3.5 Laser Wettability Characteristics Modification	35	(2)
3.5.1 Laser Surface Modification of Ceramic Materials for Improved Wettability	35	(1)
3.5.2 Laser Surface Modification of Metallic Materials for Improved Wettability	36	(1)
4 CO2 Laser Modification of the Wettability Characteristics of Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia	37	(28)
4.1 Introduction	37	(1)
4.2 Experimental Procedures	38	(3)
4.2.1 Material Specifications	38	(1)
4.2.2 CO2 Laser Experimental Arrangement	39	(1)
4.2.3 Morphological, Chemical and Phase Analysis Procedures	39	(1)
4.2.4 Wettability Characteristics Analysis Procedure	40	(1)
4.3 The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on Wettability Characteristics	41	(6)
4.3.1 Contact Angle	41	(1)
4.3.2 The Effect of Surface Oxygen Content	42	(1)
4.3.3 The Effect of Surface Roughness	43	(2)
4.3.4 The Effects of Solidified Microstructures and Surface Melting on Wettability Characteristics	45	(2)
4.4 Surface Energy and Its Component Parts	47	(5)
4.5 Identification of the Predominant Mechanisms Active in Determining Wettability Characteristics	52	(4)
4.6 The Role Played by Microstructures in Terms of Crystal Size and Phase in Effecting Surface Energy Changes	56	(5)
4.6.1 The Role of Crystal Size on Surface Energy	56	(5)
4.6.2 The Role of Phase Change on Surface Energy	61	(1)
4.7 Investigation of Wettability and Work Adhesion Using Physiological Liquids	61	(2)
4.8 Summary	63	(2)
5 In vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of CO2 Laser Treated Magnesia Partially Stabilised Zirconia	65	(34)
5.1 Introduction	65	(2)
5.2 Sample Preparation	67	(1)
5.3 Bone-Like Apatite Formation	67	(8)
5.3.1 Experimental Procedures	68	(1)
5.3.2 Spectral Analysis and Hydroxyl Group	69	(2)
5.3.3 The Correlation between OH Groups and Wettability Characteristics	71	(2)
5.3.4 The Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on the MgO—PSZ in Simulated Body Fluids	73	(2)
5.4 Protein Adsorption	75	(5)
5.4.1 Experimental Procedures	76	(1)
5.4.2 Albumin and Fibronectin Adsorption on CO2 Laser Treated MgO—PSZ	77	(3)
5.5 Osteoblast Cell Response	80	(15)
5.5.1 Experimental Procedures	81	(2)
5.5.2 Osteoblast Cell Response on the CO2 Laser Treated MgO—PSZ	83	(6)
5.5.3 The Effect of CO2 Laser Treatment on the Osteoblast Cell Response	89	(6)
5.6 Predictions for Implantation in an in vivo Clinical Situation	95	(3)
5.7 Summary	98	(1)
6 The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on the Wettability Characteristics of a Titanium Alloy	99	(18)
6.1 Introduction	99	(2)
6.2 Experimental Procedures	101	(2)
6.2.1 Material Specifications and Preparation	101	(1)
6.2.2 CO2 Laser Surface Treatment	102	(1)
6.2.3 Morphological, Chemical and Phase Analysis Procedures	102	(1)
6.2.4 Wettability Characteristics Analysis Procedure	102	(1)
6.3 The Effects of CO2 Laser Radiation on Wettability Characteristics	103	(6)
6.3.1 Contact Angle	103	(1)
6.3.2 Morphological Analysis and Its Effect on Wettability Characteristics	103	(2)
6.3.3 Phase and Chemical Analysis and Its Effects on Wettability Characteristics	105	(4)
6.4 Surface Energy and Its Component Analysis	109	(2)
6.5 Identification of the Predominant Mechanisms Active in Determining Wettability Characteristics	111	(3)
6.6 Investigation of Wettability and Work Adhesion Using Physiological Liquids	114	(2)
6.7 Summary	116	(1)
7 In vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of CO2 Laser Treated Titanium Alloy	117	(24)
7.1 Introduction	117	(2)
7.2 Sample Preparation	119	(1)
7.3 Bone-Like Apatite Formation on Titanium Alloys	120	(1)
7.3.1 Experimental Procedures I)
7.3.2 The Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on the Ti-6Al-4V in Simulated Body Fluid	121	(1)
7.4 Protein Adsorption	121	(6)
7.4.1 Experimental Procedures	123	(1)
7.4.2 Albumin and Fibronectin Adsorption on CO2 Laser Treated Titanium Alloy	124	(3)
7.5 Osteoblast Cell Adhesion	127	(8)
7.5.1 Experimental Procedure	127	(1)
7.5.2 Osteoblast Cell Response on CO2 Laser Treated Titanium Alloy	128	(3)
7.5.3 The Effect of CO2 Laser Treatment on the Osteoblast Cell Response	131	(4)
7.6 Predictions for Implantation in an in vivo Clinical Situation	135	(3)
7.7 Summary	138	(3)
8 Enquiry into Possible Generic Effects of the CO2 Laser Treatment on Bone Implant Biomaterials	141	(38)
8.1 Introduction	141	(1)
8.2 Ascertaining the Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment bon Bioinert Ceramics	142	(15)
8.2.1 Experimental Procedures	143	(1)
8.2.2 Modification of the Surfaces Properties and Wettability Characteristics of a Y–PSZ Bioinert Ceramic	144	(5)
8.2.3 Identification of the Predominant Mechanism Active in the Wettability Characteristics Modification of a Y–PSZ Bioinert Ceramic	149	(1)
8.2.4 Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on the Wettability Characteristics of Bioinert Ceramics	150	(3)
8.2.5 CO2 Laser Induced Effects on the Cell Response on a Y–PSZ Bioinert Ceramic	153	(4)
8.2.6 Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on the Cell Response on Bioinert Ceramics	157	(1)
8.3 Ascertaining the Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on Metal Implants	157	(19)
8.3.1 Experimental Procedures	158	(1)
8.3.2 Modification of Surfaces Properties and Wettability Characteristics of a 316 LS Stainless Steel	159	(7)
8.3.3 Identification of the Predominant Mechanism Active in the Wettability Characteristics Modification of a 316 LS Stainless Steel	166	(2)
8.3.4 Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on the Wettability Characteristics of Biometals	168	(2)
8.3.5 CO2 Laser Induced Effects on Protein Adsorption and the Cell Response on a 316 LS Stainless Steel	170	(5)
8.3.6 Generic Effects of CO2 Laser Treatment on Protein Adsorption and the Cell Response on Biometals	175	(1)
8.4 Summary	176	(3)
Conclusions	179	(6)
References	185	(24)
Index	209