Latin Suffixal Derivatives in English and Their Indo-European Ancestry

by Miller, D. Gary

• ISBN13: 9780199285051
• ISBN10: 0199285055
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-09-28
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This is the fullest account ever published of Latin suffixes in English. It explores the rich variety of English words formed by the addition of one or more Latin suffixes, such as ial, -able, -ability, -ible, and -id. It traces the histories of over 3,000 words and reveals the range of derivational patterns in Indo-European, Latin, and English. It makes an important contribution to the history of English and Latin morphology and etymology, as well as to the history of suffixal derivation in Indo-European.

Author Biography

D. Gary Miller is Professor of Linguistics and Classics at the University of Florida. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1969, with a dissertation on Studies in Some Forms of the Genitive Singular in Indo-European. As well as numerous articles on Indo-European, classical, and general linguistics, his publications include Homer and the Ionian Epic Tradition (1982), Improvization, Typology, Culture, and 'The New Orthodoxy': How 'Oral' is Homer? (1982), Complex Verb Formation (1993), Ancient Scripts and Phonological Knowledge (1994), Nonfinite Structures in Theory and Change (2002), and the two-volume work Language Change and Linguistic Theory (2011).

Table of Contents

Latin Sources and Periods	xvii
Dating and Other Conventions	xx
Abbreviations	xxii
Bibliographical Abbreviations	xxx
1 Derivation	1	(25)
1.1 Basic assumptions	1	(1)
1.2 Derivation and recursivity	1	(1)
1.3 Conversion	2	(2)
1.3.1 Denominal derivation in crosslinguistic perspective	3	(1)
1.4 Constraints on derivation	4	(2)
1.5 Backformation	6	(1)
1.6 Productivity	7	(1)
1.7 Derivational bases of the Latin verb	8	(1)
1.8 The Asp head hypothesis	9	(1)
1.9 Derivational parallels and parallel derivations	10	(2)
1.10 Verbs and adjectives	12	(2)
1.11 Types of states	14	(1)
1.12 Changes of state	15	(2)
1.13 Caland(-Wackernagel) stems	17	(1)
1.14 States and activities	18	(1)
1.15 Changes of state and different result states	19	(4)
1.16 Accomplishments and achievements	23	(2)
1.17 Conclusion	25	(1)
2 Latin Non-Deverbal Nouns	26	(44)
2.1 -(i)tas (> E -(i)ty) 'abstract or concrete entity'	26	(8)
2.1.1 History and status in Latin	26	(1)
2.1.2 The status of -ity in English	27	(1)
2.1.3 Deadjectival formations	28	(5)
2.1.4 Denominal formations	33	(1)
2.2 -is/-tia (> E -y/-ce) 'subjective-state trait'	34	(6)
2.2.1 Deadjectival formations	35	(1)
2.2.2 Miscellaneous formations	35	(1)
2.2.3 Later Latin -atia/-acia	36	(1)
2.2.4 Denominal derivatives in -(t)ia	36	(1)
2.2.5 Derivatives from -a/ent- constructs (over fifty by c14)	37	(2)
2.2.6 Special -nt-ia formations	39	(1)
2.3 -(i)tia (> E -ice) 'subjective-state trait'	40	(1)
2.4 -(i)tudo/-(i)tudin- (> E -(i)tude) 'observable state'	41	(4)
2.4.1 Regular formations	42	(2)
2.4.2 Special formations	44	(1)
2.5 -monium/-monia (> E -mony)	45	(1)
2.5.1 Deadjectival formations (mostly -monia)	45	(1)
2.5.2 Legal formations (mostly -monium)	45	(1)
2.5.3 Miscellaneous	46	(1)
2.6 -(it)ium (> E -y; -e after c/g) 'practice of; office; position; place'	46	(5)
2.6.1 Denominal formations	47	(2)
2.6.2 Deadjectival formations	49	(1)
2.6.3 Direct borrowings from Latin	49	(2)
2.7 -atus (> E -ate) 'office of (cf. -ship/-hood)	51	(2)
2.8 -ago/-agin- (-ugo/-ugin-, -igo/-igin-) (>E -ago(rarely -age)/-(a)gin-)	53	(4)
2.8.1 -ago/-agin-	54	(1)
2.8.2 -igo/-igin-	55	(2)
2.8.3 -ugo/-ugin-	57	(1)
2.9 Diminutives	57	(13)
2.9.1 Diminutives in -ulus (-olus after a vowel), -a, -um (> E -cle/-ule)	59	(4)
2.9.2 Diminutives in -culus, -a, -um (>E -cle/-cule)	63	(3)
2.9.3 Diminutives in -e/illus, -a, -um (> E -el/-le, -il)	66	(4)
3 Noun Suffixes on Verb Bases	70	(57)
3.1 -or 'condition; state; result of	70	(2)
3.2 -ium (> E -ium/-y/-e [after c, g]): event noun; 'result of'	72	(3)
3.2.1 Uncompounded deverbals in -ium	73	(1)
3.2.2 Preverb-compounded deverbals in -ium	73	(2)
3.2.3 Synthetic compounds in -ium	75	(1)
3.3 -io/-ion- (> E -ion) 'act or result of'	75	(1)
3.4 -men (> E -men/pl. -mina) 'means, instrument, result'	76	(2)
3.5 -men-tum (> E -ment(um)) 'means, instrument, result'	78	(6)
3.5.1 Borrowings into English	79	(5)
3.6 Instrument nouns	84	(7)
3.6.1 -bulum/-bula (> E -b(u)lum/-ble)	84	(2)
3.6.2 *-bro-/*-bra- (> E -brum/-bra) (Serbat 1975:90-137)	86	(1)
3.6.3 *-culo- (> E -culum/-cule/-cle)I*-cro- (> E -crum/-cre)	87	(3)
3.6.3.1 *-cro-	87	(1)
3.6.3.2 *-culo-	88	(2)
3.6.3.3 Denominal -culo-	90	(1)
3.6.4 *-tro-/* -tra (> E -trum/-tra/-ter) (Serbat 1975:303-48)	90	(1)
3.7 -tor/-sor, fem. -trix (> E -tor/-sor, fem. -trix/-trice) 'actor; agent'	91	(6)
3.7.1 Deverbal agentive -sor	93	(1)
3.7.2 Deverbal agentive -tor	94	(3)
3.8 -tio/-tion- and -sio/-sion- (> E -tion/-sion) 'event; result'	97	(21)
3.8.1 Fifty-one examples with the letter A (Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary)	99	(1)
3.8.2 Chaucerian words in -tion/-sion	100	(13)
3.8.3 Other frequent -tion/-sion words	113	(5)
3.9 -tural-sura (> E -ture/-sure)	118	(4)
3.9.1 -tura (> E -ture)	119	(2)
3.9.2 -sura (> E -sure)	121	(1)
3.9.3 Denominal -tura	122	(1)
3.10 -(t)us/-sus (> E -t/-s(e)/-tus/-sus) 'concrete result'	122	(5)
4 Non-Deverbal Adjectives	127	(54)
4.1 Relational -li- 'characterized by; pertaining to; relating to; of'	127	(11)
4.1.1 -alis (> E -al) 'characterized by; pertaining to'	127	(8)
4.1.2 -aris (> E -ar)	135	(3)
4.2 -ilis (> E -il(e)) 'relating to; like'	138	(1)
4.3 -a/ilia 'things connected with'	139	(1)
4.4 -arius/-arium (> E -ary/-arious/-arium)	140	(11)
4.4.1 Nativized -er denominal nouns	142	(1)
4.4.2 Adectives in -ary (rarely -ory)	143	(2)
4.4.3 Adjectives in -arious and-arian (cf. Marchand 1969:344)	145	(1)
4.4.4 Substantivized adjectives	146	(4)
4.4.4.1 Actor substantives (E -ary, rarely -arian)	146	(1)
4.4.4.2 Neuter substantives (mostly locationals) (E -ar(y)/-ery/-arium)	147	(3)
4.4.5 Feminine (rarely neuter plural) -aria (> E -ary)	150	(1)
4.5 -nu- 'appurtenance; relation; similarity'	151	(2)
4.5.1 -(er)nus (> E -(er)n+al)	151	(1)
4.5.2 -(t)ernus (> E -(t)ern/-(t)ern-al)	152	(1)
4.5.3 -(t)urnus (> E -(t)urn(- al))	153	(1)
4.6 -a-nu-s (> E -an/-áne/-ana)	153	(2)
4.6.1 English borrowings	154	(1)
4.7 -i-nu-s (> E - ine/rarely -in)	155	(5)
4.7.1 Substantives in -ina (> E -ine/-ina)	158	(2)
4.8 -(t)i-cu-s (> E -(t)ic) 'like; typical, characteristic of	160	(2)
4.8.1 English loanwords	161	(1)
4.9 -e-us 'made of; derived from (resembling); consisting of (containing)'	162	(4)
4.9.1 -eus (> E -eous/-eal, rarely -ean)	162	(2)
4.9.2 -ac-eus (> E -aceous/-acean) (LG i § 272.2; Koziol 1972: § 593)	164	(1)
4.9.3 -an-eus (> E -aneous/-anean) (LG i § 272.3; Marchand 1969: 342)	165	(1)
4.10 -osus (> E -ous/-óse) 'full of'	166	(7)
4.10.1 -ose	167	(1)
4.10.2 -ous	167	(6)
4.11 -(u/o)lentus (> E -(u/o)lent) 'prone to; characterized by'	173	(2)
4.12 -(a)tus (> E -(a)te/-ated) 'provided/furnished with; having; -ed'	175	(6)
4.12.1 English borrowings	177	(4)
5 Deverbal and Deradical Adjectives	181	(52)
5.1 -idus, -a, um (> E -id) adjectives of variable result state	181	(11)
5.1.1 Synchronic status	181	(5)
5.1.1.1 The origin of -id-	182	(3)
5.1.1.2 Derivation and the continuation of -id-	185	(1)
5.1.2 Deradical and/or deverbal formations	186	(3)
5.1.3 Deadjectival formations	189	(1)
5.1.4 Possible denominal formations	190	(1)
5.1.5 Opaque and isolated formations	191	(1)
5.2 -ax/-ac- (> E -acious) event magnifier	192	(4)
5.2.1 Verb -and (root-)noun-based derivatives	194	(1)
5.2.2 Formations with no attested or doubtful verbal base	195	(1)
5.3 -ulus, -a, -um (> E -ulous) adjectives of propensity	196	(2)
5.3.1 Adjectival formations	197	(1)
5.3.2 Substantivized constructs	197	(1)
5.4 -uus, -a, -um (> E -uous) 'prone to (be)'	198	(5)
5.4.1 Deadjectival and deverbal adjectives in -uous (rarely -ual)	200	(2)
5.4.2 Denominal adjectives in -Cisus to fourth declension -u- stems	202	(1)
5.4.3 Unclear formations	203	(1)
5.5 -(t/s)-ivus, -a, -um (> E -(t/s)ive) 'having the nature or property of	203	(12)
5.5.1 Deverbal -tive	205	(4)
5.5.2 Deverbal -sive	209	(2)
5.5.3 Grammatical terms in -ive	211	(3)
5.5.3.1 Case names	211	(1)
5.5.3.2 Other grammatical terms in -ivus	212	(2)
5.5.4 Denominal -ive formations	214	(1)
5.6 -t/s-orius, -a, -um (> E -t/sory) 'connected with an event of'	215	(8)
5.6.1 English borrowings	217	(3)
5.6.2 Neuter locationals in -t/sarium (E -t/sorium, -t/sory)	220	(3)
5.6.2.1 English locationals in -t/sorium	220	(1)
5.6.2.2 English locationals in -t/sory	221	(1)
5.6.2.3 Anomalous denominal locationals in -tory	222	(1)
5.7 -(i)li- 'able/tending to; capable of being'	223	(10)
5.7.1 -ilis (> E -ile)	223	(1)
5.7.2 -t/s-ilis (> E - t/sile)	223	(2)
5.7.3 -(i/a)-bilis (> E -ible/-able)	225	(8)
5.7.3.1 Functions of -bilis in Latin	225	(2)
5.7.3.2 Early examples of -ible/-able in English	227	(3)
5.7.3.3 Functions of -ible/-able in English	230	(3)
6 Verbal suffixes	233	(34)
6.1 Statives in -e-	233	(3)
6.1.1 Successors of Latin -e- in English	235	(1)
6.2 Non-causative changes of state in -sc-	236	(4)
6.2.1 Successors of Latin -e-sc-	237	(1)
6.2.2 English -esce- borrowings	238	(2)
6.3 Deajectival factitives in -a- (*-éh2-)	240	(3)
6.4 Causative changes of state in fac-/-fic-	243	(8)
6.4.1 Constructs with -facere	243	(2)
6.4.1.1 English loanwords	245	(1)
6.4.2 Derivatives in -(i)-ficare	245	(6)
6.4.2.1 English -ify verbs of Latin origin	247	(4)
6.5 Intensives and frequentatives	251	(5)
6.5.1 The continuation of Latin frequentatives	253	(3)
6.5.1.1 English verbs from Latin frequentatives	254	(2)
6.6 Derivatives in -ig-a- and -ig-a-	256	(4)
6.6.1 The suffix -ig-a-	256	(2)
6.6.2 The suffix -ig-a-	258	(2)
6.7 Derivatives in -ic-a-	260	(1)
6.8 Verbs in -er-a-	261	(1)
6.9 Derivatives in -ul-a-	262	(2)
6.10 Verbs in -il-a- and -in-a-	264	(1)
6.10.1 -il-a-	264	(1)
6.10.2 -in-a-	264	(1)
6.11 Derivatives in -cin-d-	265	(1)
6.12 Desideratives in -t/sur-	266	(1)
Dictionaries	267	(5)
References	272	(26)
Indo-European Root Index	298	(14)
Greek Index	312	(3)
Latin Index	315	(44)
English Index	359