Law, Science And Medicine

by Gostin, Larry O.; Jacobson, Peter D.; Goldberg, Steven; King, Patricia A.; Areen, Judith; Areen, Judith

• ISBN13: 9781587785177
• ISBN10: 158778517X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-01
• Publisher: Foundation Pr

Summary

Areen, King, Goldberg, Gostin, and Capron?s casebook provides detailed information on law, science, and medicine and the tools for fast, easy, on-point research. Part of the University Casebook Series?, it includes selected cases designed to illustrate the development of a body of law on a particular subject. Text and explanatory materials designed for law study accompany the cases.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	v
Acknowledgments	ix
Table of Cases	xxxv
PART ONE The Evolving Relationship of Science and Medicine to the Law	1	(214)
The Human Genome: Pathways to Health	2	(99)
Scientific Discovery and Advancement	2	(12)
Mendel and How Genetics Began	2	(1)
More than 50 Years after Watson and Crick	3	(1)
A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid	4	(1)
J.D. Watson
F.H.C. Crick
DNA's Family Tree	5	(1)
Tom Clarke
Decoding the Structure of Life: Mapping the Human Genome	6	(1)
Timeline and Accomplishments	6	(1)
New Goals for the U.S. Human Genome Project: 1998--2003	6	(1)
Francis S. Collins
Human Genome: Reaching Their Goal Early, Sequencing Labs Celebrate	7	(2)
Elizabeth Pennisi
The HapMap Project	9	(1)
Researchers Try to Unlock Human Genome Potential	9	(2)
Xavier Bosch
From Genomics to Proteomics	11	(1)
Proteomics: Biology in the Post--Genomic Era	11	(2)
Vicki Brower
Public--Private Group Maps Out Initiatives	13	(1)
Jocelyn Kaiser
The Role of Genomics in Understanding Health and Disease	14	(32)
Genetic Testing and Screening	15	(1)
Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Genetic Testing and Genetic Screening	15	(6)
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Gene Mutations: Decision--Making Dilemmas Concerning Testing and Management	21	(4)
Sozos J. Fasouliotis
Joseph G. Schenker
Katskee v. Blue Cross/Blue Shield	25	(4)
Pharmacogenomics	29	(1)
Pharmacogenetics and the Practice of Medicine	29	(1)
Allen D. Roses
Ethical and Legal Implications of Pharmacogenomics	30	(3)
Mark A. Rothstein
Phyllis Griffin Epps
Gene Therapy: Germline v. Somatic Cell Interventions	33	(1)
Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Scope Note 24: Human Gene Therapy	33	(6)
Genetic Enhancement: Selection of Desired Traits	39	(1)
The President's Council on Bioethics, Screening and Selection for Genetic Conditions and Traits	39	(3)
Genetic Enhancement in Humans	42	(4)
Jon W. Gordon
Science Policy and Regulation: Competition or Control?	46	(20)
Body Bazaar: The Market for Human Tissue in the Biotechnology Age	46	(1)
Lori Andrews
Dorothy Nelkin
The Problem of Patenting: Who Owns DNA?	47	(1)
Festo Corp v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.	48	(3)
The Problem of Commercialization: Mining and Harvesting DNA	51	(1)
Commercialization of Genetic Research and Public Policy	52	(3)
Bartha Maria Knoppers
Regulating Science and Medicine	55	(1)
International Guidelines	55	(1)
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights	56	(4)
Regulatory Initiatives in the United States	60	(1)
Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetic Testing, Enhancing the Oversight of Genetic Tests: Recommendations of the SACGT	61	(4)
Coming Soon to the ``Genetic Supermarket'' Near You	65	(1)
Curtis A. Kin
Genetics and Society: Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications	66	(34)
Genetics Exceptionalism	66	(1)
Genetic Exceptionalism in Medicine: Clarifying the Differences between Genetic and Nongenetic Tests	67	(4)
Michael J. Green
Jeffrey R. Botkin
Genetic Privacy and the Disclosure of Genetic Information	71	(1)
Genetic Privacy	71	(1)
Genetic Privacy: Emerging Concepts and Values in Genetic Secrets	71	(2)
Anita L. Allen
The ``Duty to Warn'' and the ``Right to Know''	73	(1)
The ``Duty to Warn'' a Patient's Family Members About Hereditary Disease Risks	73	(7)
Kenneth Offit
Molloy v. Meier	80	(3)
Human Genetic Research Databases: The Promise of Trans--National Biobanks	83	(4)
Stratification, Justice, and Opportunity	87	(1)
The Historical Lessons of Eugenics	88	(1)
Two Models for Genetic Intervention	89	(2)
Allen Buchanan
Genetic Stratification Based on Race and Ethnicity	91	(1)
Race and Genomics	91	(5)
Richard S. Cooper
The Risks of Stratification: Genetic Discrimination	96	(4)
Conclusion	100	(1)
The Formation of the Modern Scientific Establishment: The Role of Nuclear Energy	101	(114)
The Scientific Basis and Historic Impact of Nuclear Weapons	101	(43)
The Scientific Basis of Nuclear Energy	101	(1)
Albert Einstein	101	(9)
Banesh Hoffmann
The Republic of Science	110	(1)
Michael Polanyi
Developing and Using the Atomic Bomb	111	(1)
Brighter Than a Thousand Suns	111	(1)
Robert Jungk
Lawrence and Oppenheimer	112	(2)
Nuel Pharr Davis
The Atomic Bomb	114	(1)
Barton J. Bernstein
Apocalypse	114	(3)
Louis Beres
Thinking About the Unthinkable	117	(2)
Herman Kahn
Protecting the Secret of the Hydrogen Bomb	119	(1)
The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial	120	(5)
Philip M. Stern
Comparing Scientific and Legal Reasoning	125	(1)
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions	125	(3)
Thomas S. Kuhn
Social Theory and Social Structure	128	(3)
Robert K. Merton
The Two Cultures	131	(2)
C.P. Snow
An Introduction to Legal Reasoning	133	(1)
Edward H. Levi
The Paradoxes of Legal Science	134	(2)
Benjamin N. Cardozo
Nuclear Weapons After the Cold War	136	(1)
Speech by Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld at the AUSA Air, Space, and Missile Defense Symposium	137	(1)
Floor Debate on Consideration of H.R. 4200, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005	138	(1)
United States Bishops, Pastoral Letter on War and Peace, the Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response	139	(5)
The Social Consequences of Civilian Nuclear Power	144	(43)
Government Regulation of Nuclear Reactors: Operating Safety and Waste Disposal	144	(1)
The Atom for Progress and Peace	144	(1)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	144	(9)
Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	153	(8)
Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Environmental Study Group, Inc.	161	(9)
Report of the President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island	170	(5)
In re Three Mile Island Alert, Inc., et al.	175	(7)
The Decline of Nuclear Energy and the Prospects for Rebirth	182	(1)
Kansas Gas and Electric Co. v. State Corporation Commission	182	(5)
Alternative Means of Electricity Generation: The Question of Scale	187	(28)
Photovoltaic Energy Systems	187	(1)
Solar Energy	188	(1)
Jimmy Carter
Hearing on the Administration's Views on the Role That Renewable Energy Technologies Can Play in Sustainable Electricity Generation, Before the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources	188	(3)
Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v. Forty--Five Twenty--Five, Inc.	191	(2)
Solar Law	193	(1)
Sandy F. Kraemer
Photovoltaic Energy Systems---Continued
Prah v. Maretti	194	(8)
Tenn v. 889 Associates, Ltd.	202	(5)
Hydrogen Fuel Cells and the Soft Path Debate	207	(1)
Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken?	208	(2)
Amory Lovins
Prepared Testimony	210	(1)
Amory Lovins
Soft Path Leads to a New Dark Age	211	(2)
Aden B. Meinel
Marjorie P. Meinel
Small Is Beautiful	213	(2)
E.F. Schumacher
PART TWO Controlling Science and Medicine: The Roles of Individuals, Groups and the State	215	(404)
Private Control of Science and Medicine	216	(88)
Professionals and Their Organizations and Institutions	216	(18)
What Is a Profession?	216	(1)
Newmark v. Gimbel's, Inc.	216	(5)
Establishing Norms and Standards of Conduct	221	(1)
Fineman v. New Jersey Department of Human Services	221	(12)
American Medical Association, Principles of Medical Ethics	233	(1)
Patients, Subjects and Citizens	234	(70)
What Control Can Individuals Exercise?	234	(1)
The Role of Assent or Refusal	234	(1)
Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital	234	(3)
On Liberty	237	(3)
John Stuart Mill
The Role of Disclosure	240	(1)
Canterbury v. Spence	240	(19)
What Limitations Should Be Placed on Individual Choice?	259	(1)
Based on Concern for Others	259	(1)
Jacobson v. Massachusetts	259	(1)
Bradshaw v. Daniel	260	(4)
Based on Concern for the Individual	264	(1)
United States v. Cannabis Cultivator's Club	264	(4)
Based on Concern for Those Who Cannot Decide for Themselves	268	(1)
Rains v. Belshe	268	(10)
In re Seiferth	278	(4)
Sell v. United States	282	(10)
What Matters Require Collective Action---and How?	292	(1)
The Institutional Review Board and Beyond: Future Challenges to the Ethics of Human Experimentation	292	(4)
Harold Edgar
David J. Rothman
In re Brooklyn Navy Yard Asbestos Litigation	296	(5)
Bioethics After Two Decades	301	(3)
Robert S. Morison
Public Control of Science and Medicine	304	(136)
Limits on Government Control of Science and Medicine: The First Amendment Framework	304	(39)
Free Speech	304	(1)
United States v. The Progressive, Inc.	304	(8)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union	312	(21)
Science and Religion: Can the Government Choose Sides?	333	(1)
Edwards v. Aguillard	333	(10)
Government Support for Science and Medicine	343	(40)
The Historical Background: The Framers and Science	343	(1)
God, Galileo, and Government: Toward Constitutional Protection for Scientific Inquiry	343	(3)
Richard Delgado
Government Spending for Science and Medicine: The Federal Budget Process	346	(1)
Presidential Control of Agency Budget Requests	346	(1)
The National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976	346	(1)
Excerpts From House Report on Pub. L. No. 94--282	347	(3)
The Congressional Budget Process	350	(1)
Technical Advice for Congress: Past Trends and Present Obstacles	351	(7)
Bruce L. R. Smith
Spending the Money: Who Gets It and What Strings Are Attached	358	(1)
Grassetti v. Weinberger	358	(15)
State Spending for Science and Medicine	373	(1)
State Support for Health Research: An Assessment for the Mary Woodard Lasker Charitable Trust and Funding First	373	(2)
Michael McGreary
Indirect Support for Research and Development: Patent, Trade Secret, Copyright, and Other Incentives	375	(1)
State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc.	375	(8)
Government Regulation of Science and Medicine	383	(25)
Federal Regulation: The Central Role of the Administrative Agency	383	(2)
Occupational Exposure to Cotton Dust	385	(7)
American Textile Manufacturers Institute, Inc. v. Donovan	392	(5)
The Reluctant Embrace: Law and Science in America	397	(3)
Steven Goldberg
State and Local Regulation	400	(1)
Wisconsin Public Intervenor v. Mortier	400	(8)
Trial Court Use of Scientific and Medical Evidence	408	(32)
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals	408	(12)
General Electric Company v. Joiner	420	(8)
Kuhmo Tire Co. v. Carmichael	428	(12)
The Public Health System: Law and the Population's Health	440	(179)
Public Health Law: The Foundations	440	(24)
Defining Concepts	440	(1)
The State's Powers, Duties, and Limits	440	(1)
The Health of Populations	441	(1)
The Role of Communities and Civic Responsibility	441	(1)
Defining Concepts---Continued
The Salience of Prevention	442	(1)
The Mission, Functions, and Services of Public Health	442	(1)
The Public Health System	443	(1)
Institute of Medicine, The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century	443	(7)
The Population Focus	450	(1)
Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000	450	(8)
Ali H. Mokdad
Sick Individuals and Sick Populations	458	(6)
Geoffrey Rose
The Legitimate Scope of Public Health	464	(18)
Socioeconomic Status	465	(1)
Policy Implications of the Gradient of Health and Wealth	465	(8)
Angus Deaton
Is Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Part 1: A Systematic Review	473	(2)
John Lynch
The ``Built'' Environment	475	(1)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Creating A Healthy Environment: The Impact of the Built Environment on Public Health	475	(7)
Richard J. Jackson
Chris Kochtitzky
State Police Powers: Protecting Health, Safety, and Morals	482	(9)
Jacobson v. Massachusetts	482	(9)
Surveillance and Public Health Research	491	(8)
Reporting Injuries or Diseases	491	(1)
Whalen v. Roe	491	(4)
Public Health Research	495	(1)
Ethics and the Conduct of Public Health Surveillance	496	(3)
Amy L. Fairchild
Ronald Bayer
Health Promotion, Persuasion, and Free Expression	499	(26)
Health Communication Campaigns: Government Speech	499	(1)
Regulation of Commercial Speech: Advertising Restrictions	500	(1)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly	501	(9)
Pearson v. Shalala	510	(11)
Compelled Commercial Speech: The Public's ``Right to Know''	521	(1)
International Dairy Foods Association v. Amestoy	522	(3)
Control of Infectious Diseases: Naturally Occurring Epidemics and Bioterrorism	525	(59)
Ethical and Legal Challenges Posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome	526	(10)
Lawrence O. Gostin
Restrictions of the Person: Isolation and Quarantine	536	(1)
Jew Ho v. Williamson	537	(2)
City of New York v. Antoinette R.	539	(2)
Greene v. Edwards	541	(3)
Compulsory Vaccination: Immunizing the Population Against Disease	544	(2)
The Tragedy of the Commons	546	(3)
Garrett Hardin
Brown v. Stone	549	(2)
Boone v. Boozman	551	(6)
Compulsory Treatment	557	(1)
Directly Observed Therapy for Tuberculosis: History of an Idea	558	(2)
Ronald Bayer
David Wilkinson
Bioterrorism: The Intentional Dispersal of Pathogens to Destabilize Political and Social Structures	560	(1)
The Looming Threat of Bioterrorism	561	(3)
Donald A. Henderson
Bioterror Countermeasures and Preparedness	564	(3)
Civil Liberties in the Era of Bioterrorism	567	(1)
Public Health Law in an Age of Terrorism: Rethinking Individual Rights and Common Goods	568	(7)
Lawrence O. Gostin
Bioterrorism, Public Health, and Human Rights	575	(3)
George J. Annas
Infectious Disease Law in Comparative and International Perspective	578	(1)
The WHO's International Health Regulations	578	(1)
International Infectious Disease Law: Revision of the World Health Organization's International Health Regulations	579	(5)
Lawrence O. Gostin
Public Health Regulation of Property and the Professions: Restraint of Economic Interests	584	(9)
Licensing Trades, Professions, and Institutions	585	(1)
Dent v. West Virginia	585	(2)
Inspecting for Violations of Health and Safety Standards	587	(1)
Blue v. Koren	588	(3)
Nuisance Abatement	591	(1)
New York v. New St. Mark's Baths	591	(2)
Tort Litigation for the Public's Health: Indirect Regulation	593	(8)
Tort Law as a Prevention Strategy	593	(1)
The New Public Health Litigation	593	(5)
Wendy E. Parmet
Richard A. Daynard
Case Study in Tort Litigation: The Tobacco Wars	598	(2)
Junk Science in the Courtroom: The Illustration of Vaccines and Autism	600	(1)
Obesity: The Effect of Diet and Sedentary Lifestyle on Chronic Disease	601	(18)
Institute of Medicine, The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century 76--79 (2002)	602	(2)
Halting the Obesity Epidemic: A Public Health Policy Approach	604	(5)
Marion Nestle
Michael F. Jacobson
Pelman v. McDonald's Corporation	609	(7)
Is Obesity a Public Health Problem?	616	(3)
Edward P. Richards III
PART THREE Exploring Problems at the Frontier	619	(686)
Law and the American Healthcare System	620	(200)
Overview and Background	620	(21)
History	622	(1)
The Eras of Health Care Delivery	622	(1)
The Changing Institutional Setting of Health Care Delivery	623	(4)
Competing Paradigms	627	(1)
Health Care as a Competitive Market	627	(4)
Professional Norms	631	(2)
Social Justice	633	(3)
Comparative Institutional Analysis	636	(4)
Conclusion	640	(1)
Competition Policy and the Organization of Health Care Delivery	641	(60)
Introduction	641	(1)
Framing the Competition Policy Debate	641	(1)
Let's Put Consumers in Charge of Health Care	641	(2)
Regina R. Herzlinger
Can Markets Give Us the Health System We Want?	643	(2)
Thomas Rice
Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care	645	(3)
Kenneth J. Arrow
Governance	648	(1)
Introduction	648	(1)
Internal Governance	648	(1)
In the Matter of Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital v. Spitzer	649	(4)
Antitrust	653	(1)
Introduction	653	(1)
Health Care as a (Big) Business: The Antitrust Response	654	(1)
Clark C. Havighurst
The Changing Market for Health Care Services	655	(1)
Federal Trade Commission v. Butterworth Health Corporation	655	(8)
Hospital/Health Plan---Physician Relations	663	(1)
Exclusive Contracting	663	(1)
Minnesota Association of Nurse Anesthetists v. Unity Hospital	663	(3)
Physician Group Contracting Practices (Collective Bargaining)	666	(1)
In the Matter of California Pacific Medical Group, Inc., doing business as Brown and Toland Medical Group	666	(3)
Staff Privileges	669	(2)
Quality of Care	671	(1)
California Dental Association v. Federal Trade Commission	671	(2)
Tax Exemption	673	(1)
Introduction	673	(1)
Federal Tax Exemption	674	(1)
IHC Health Plans, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue	674	(6)
Property Tax Exemption	680	(1)
Marshfield Clinic v. City of Eau Claire	680	(4)
Private Benefit/Private Inurement	684	(1)
Physician Incentives and Recruitment	684	(2)
Tax Exemption---Continued
Revenue Sharing Arrangements	686	(1)
G.C.M. 39862, 1991 IRS GCM LEXIS 39	686	(3)
Joint Ventures	689	(1)
Tax Exemption	689	(1)
Retaining Control	689	(1)
St. David's Health Care System v. United States	689	(5)
Generating Revenue	694	(1)
G.C.M. 39862, 1991 IRS GCM LEXIS 39	694	(1)
Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBIT)	695	(1)
IRS Private Ruling 200218037, 2002 PLR Lexis 135	695	(2)
Fraud and Abuse Laws	697	(1)
General Framework	697	(1)
Health Care Fraud and Abuse	697	(2)
Paul E. Kalb
Physician Compensation Arrangements---Exceptions	699	(1)
Antitrust	700	(1)
Financing Health Services	701	(61)
Introduction	701	(1)
The Struggle for the Soul of Health Insurance	702	(1)
Deborah A. Stone
The Uncertain Case for Market Pricing of Health Insurance	703	(2)
Bryan Ford
Private and Public Insurance Arrangements	705	(1)
Private Insurance	705	(2)
Public Insurance	707	(1)
Medicare	707	(2)
Medicaid	709	(1)
The Basics of Health Insurance	710	(1)
The Mechanics of Insurance: Rate Setting	710	(1)
Adverse Selection, Moral Hazard, and Risk--Adjustment	711	(1)
Adverse Selection	711	(1)
Moral Hazard	712	(1)
Risk--Adjustment	713	(1)
Pricing Health Care	714	(1)
Regulating Health Insurance Markets	715	(1)
State Regulation	715	(1)
Federal Regulation	716	(1)
ERISA Preemption	717	(1)
ERISA's Conceptual Framework	717	(1)
The Failed Jurisprudence of Managed Care, and How to Fix It: Reinterpreting ERISA Preemption	717	(2)
Russell Korobkin
State Regulatory Oversight	719	(1)
Kentucky Association of Health Plans, Inc. v. Miller	719	(4)
Interpreting Private Health Insurance Contracts	723	(1)
Medical Necessity	723	(1)
Non--ERISA Utilization Review	724	(1)
Hughes v. Blue Cross of Northern California	724	(6)
Medical Necessity determinations Under ERISA	730	(1)
Fay v. Oxford Health Plan	730	(4)
Excluding Experimental Care	734	(1)
Interpreting Private Health Insurance Contracts---Continued
Chambers v. Coventry Health Care of Louisiana, Inc.	734	(5)
Excluding Preexisting Conditions	739	(1)
Bullwinkel v. New England Mutual Life Insurance Co.	739	(3)
Interpreting Federal And State Statutes	742	(1)
Eligibility and Enrollment	742	(1)
Pediatric Specialty Care, Inc. v. Arkansas Department of Human Services	742	(3)
Coverage Decisions	745	(1)
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America v. Thompson	746	(4)
Access to Health Care for the Uninsured	750	(2)
The Hill--Burton Act	752	(1)
State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)	752	(1)
The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)	753	(1)
Correa v. Hospital San Francisco	754	(3)
State Assistance to the Uninsured	757	(1)
Harris v. Board of Supervisors of Los Angeles County	757	(5)
Patient Safety: Liability	762	(58)
Introduction	762	(1)
What Practices Will Most Improve Safety? Evidence--Based Medicine Meets Patient Safety	762	(5)
Lucian L. Leape
Medical Liability	767	(1)
Physician Liability---The Professional Standard	767	(1)
Hall v. Hilbun	767	(8)
Physician Liability---Duty to Warn	775	(1)
Physician Liability---Defenses	776	(1)
Jones v. Chidester	777	(2)
Physician Liability---Alternative Standards	779	(1)
Helling v. Carey	779	(5)
Institutional Liability	784	(1)
Direct Liability	784	(1)
Thompson v. Nason Hospital	784	(4)
Vicarious Liability	788	(1)
Petrovich v. Share Health Plan of Illinois, Inc.	788	(9)
Setting the Institutional Legal Standard of Care in the Managed Care Era	797	(1)
Strangers in the Night: Law and Medicine in the Managed Care Era	797	(3)
Peter D. Jacobson
ERISA	800	(1)
State Tort Litigation	800	(1)
Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila	800	(9)
Fiduciary Duty	809	(1)
Horvath v. Keystone Health Plan East, Inc.	810	(4)
ERISA's Enforcement Mechanism	814	(1)
Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran	814	(6)
The Human Body	820	(156)
Ownership of the Body	820	(51)
Who Owns the Body and Its Parts?	820	(1)
Moore v. Regents of the University of California	820	(14)
The Body as Commodity: When Body Parts Are to Be Transplanted	834	(1)
Newman v. Sathyavaglswaran	834	(6)
McFall v. Shimp	840	(4)
Brown v. Delaware Valley Transplant Program	844	(11)
The Relationship Between Body and Human Being	855	(1)
Leon R. Kass, Thinking About the Body	855	(7)
Bonnichsen v. United States	862	(9)
Humans as Research Subjects	871	(105)
Overview	871	(1)
Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting With Human Subjects	871	(4)
Hans Jonas
Human Experimentation in Judaism	875	(1)
Fred Rosner
A Confucian Justification of Experimenting with Human Subjects	876	(1)
Xunwu Chen
Gifts of the Body: Human Experimentation	877	(1)
Gilbert Meilaender
A History of Experimental Abuses	878	(1)
The Nazi War Crimes Trials	878	(1)
United States v. Karl Brandt	878	(1)
Opening Statement by Telford Taylor, Brigadier General, for the Prosecution	878	(4)
The Judgment of the Court and the Establishment of the Nuremberg Code	882	(1)
The Proof as to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity	882	(4)
Experimental Abuses in the United States	886	(1)
A Physician Blows the Whistle	886	(1)
Ethics and Clinical Research	886	(4)
Henry Beecher
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study	890	(1)
Testimony of Fred Gray, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare	890	(4)
The Dangers of Difference, Revisited	894	(4)
Patricia A. King
Evolution of Public Regulation of Human Experimentation	898	(1)
The Adoption of Informed Consent to Protect Subjects	898	(1)
The Common Law Standard	898	(1)
Halushka v. University of Saskatchewan	898	(6)
Governmental Regulations	904	(1)
First Stage: Early Actions by Congress, FDA and NIH	904	(2)
Second Stage: Current Regulations of the United States Department of Health and Human Services	906	(1)
Department of Health and Human Services, Regulations on Protection of Human Subjects	907	(7)
International Regulation	914	(1)
International Trends in Research Regulations: Science as Negotiation	914	(4)
Paul M. McNeill
Evolution of Public Regulation of Human Experimentation---Continued
International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects	918	(6)
Assessment of Current Regulations	924	(1)
Research or Innovative Therapy? The Scope of Current Regulations	924	(1)
Karp v. Cooley	924	(8)
Should We Rely on Informed Consent to Protect Subjects?	932	(1)
Informed (But Uneducated) Consent	932	(4)
Franz J. Ingelfinger
IRBs: Are They Working?	936	(1)
Testimony of Ezekiel J. Emanuel M.D., Ph.D., Chief, Center for Clinical Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Hearing Before the President's Council on Bioethics	936	(4)
Protecting Research Subjects---The Crisis at Johns Hopkins	940	(8)
Robert Steinbrook
Protecting the Most Vulnerable Subjects	948	(1)
Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting With Human Subjects	948	(3)
Hans Jonas
The Cancer Ward	951	(3)
Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn
Mink v. University of Chicago	954	(4)
Convenient and Captive Populations	958	(3)
Jonathan D. Moreno
Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Final Report	961	(6)
Department of Health and Human Services, Additional Protections for Children Involved as Subjects in Research	967	(4)
Testimony of Frank C. Conahan, Assistant Comptroller General, National Security and International Affairs Division, Hearing Before the Legislation and National Security Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations	971	(5)
Death and Dying	976	(139)
Defining Death	976	(15)
State v. Guess	976	(5)
Advancing the Definition of Death: A Philosophical Essay	981	(10)
Karen Grandstrand Gervais
Dying With Dignity	991	(124)
Dying in the Twenty--First Century	991	(1)
Dying as Failure	991	(4)
Lewis Thomas
United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative	995	(6)
Is There a Constitutional Right to Die?	1001	(1)
Missouri Department of Health	1001	(16)
Cruzan v. Director
Competent Patients	1017	(1)
In General	1017	(1)
McKay v. Bergstedt	1017	(15)
The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine	1032	(3)
Eric Cassel
Physician--Assisted Suicide	1035	(1)
Washington v. Glucksberg	1035	(9)
Competent Patients---Continued
Vacco v. Quill	1044	(2)
Washington v. Glucksberg & Vacco v. Quill	1046	(4)
State Initiatives	1050	(1)
The Oregon Death With Dignity Act	1050	(5)
Sixth Annual Report on Oregon's Death With Dignity Act March 10, 2004	1055	(4)
Active and Passive Euthanasia	1059	(3)
James Rachels
The Incompetent Patient	1062	(1)
Decision-making in Anticipation of Incapacity	1062	(1)
Uniform Health--Care Decisions Act	1062	(10)
Surrogate Decisionmaking	1072	(1)
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health	1072	(1)
In re Conroy	1072	(9)
Wendland v. Wendland	1081	(9)
The Special Case of Disabled Newborns	1090	(1)
President's Commission, Deciding to Forego Life--Sustaining Treatment: A Report on the Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions	1090	(4)
Miller v. Hospital Corp. of America (HCA) Inc.	1094	(12)
Re A (Children)	1106	(9)
Reproduction and the New Genetics	1115	(146)
Defining Life	1115	(19)
Davis v. Davis	1115	(9)
Human Embryos: The Debate on Assisted Reproduction	1124	(3)
C.R. Austin
Medicine and the Concept of the Person	1127	(7)
H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.
Deciding Whether, When, or How to Reproduce	1134	(127)
Who Decides?	1134	(1)
Contraception	1134	(1)
Griswold v. Connecticut	1134	(5)
Abortion	1139	(1)
Roe v. Wade	1139	(4)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey	1143	(18)
Sterilization	1161	(1)
Buck v. Bell	1161	(4)
Aiding Reproduction	1165	(1)
Gamete Donation	1166	(1)
People v. Sorensen	1166	(2)
Jhordan C. v. Mary K.	1168	(14)
In Vitro Fertilization	1182	(1)
Davis v. Davis	1182	(6)
Surrogacy	1188	(1)
In re Baby M.	1188	(10)
Johnson v. Calvert	1198	(4)
Buzzanca v. Buzzanca	1202	(11)
Human Cloning	1213	(1)
The President's Council on Bioethics, Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry	1213	(9)
Obligations to Fetuses and Future Children	1222	(1)
Bonnie Steinbock & Ron McClamrock, When Is Birth Unfair to the Child?	1222	(4)
Pregnancy	1226	(1)
In re Baby Boy Doe, A Fetus	1226	(10)
State v. McKnight	1236	(7)
The Impact of Genetic Technology: Aiding Reproduction, Providing Therapy, or Perfecting Persons?	1243	(1)
Genetic Screening of Carriers	1244	(1)
Reflections on the New Biology	1244	(3)
Linus Pauling
Screening Embryos and Fetuses	1247	(1)
The Promise of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis	1247	(4)
Laurie Goldberg Strongin
Reproductive Technology and Disability	1251	(3)
Adrienne Asch
Greco v. United States	1254	(7)
Artificial Intelligence, Human Values, and the Law	1261	(44)
Computers and Privacy	1261	(22)
Whalen v. Roe	1261	(7)
Brief of Amici Curiae, Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and Legal Scholars and Technical Experts	1268	(5)
Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, et al.	1273	(10)
Computers and Legal Reasoning	1283	(10)
Artificial Intelligence and Law: Stepping Stones to a Model of Legal Reasoning	1283	(5)
Edwina L. Rissland
Of Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning	1288	(5)
Cass R. Sunstein
Computers, Rights and the Definition of Life	1293	(12)
The Fourth Discontinuity	1293	(8)
Bruce Mazlish
The Changing Face of Death: Computers, Consciousness, and Nancy Cruzan	1301	(4)
Steven Goldberg
Index	1305