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9780195044676

Learned Helplessness A Theory for the Age of Personal Control

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780195044676

  • ISBN10:

    0195044673

  • Edition: Reprint
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1995-10-05
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press

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Summary

When experience with uncontrollable events gives rise to the expectation that events in the future will also elude control, disruptions in motivation, emotion, and learning may ensue. "Learned helplessness" refers to the problems that arise in the wake of uncontrollability. First describedin the 1960s among laboratory animals, learned helplessness has since been applied to a variety of human problems entailing inappropriate passivity and demoralization. While learned helplessness is best known as an explanation of depression, studies with both people and animals have mapped out thecognitive and biological aspects. The present volume, written by some of the most widely recognized leaders in the field, summarizes and integrates the theory, research, and application of learned helplessness. Each line of work is evaluated critically in terms of what is and is not known, andfuture directions are sketched. More generally, psychiatrists and psychologists in various specialties will be interested in the book's argument that a theory emphasizing personal control is of particular interest in the here and now, as individuality and control are such salient culturaltopics.

Table of Contents

Introduction
The Phenomena of Helplessness and Personal Control
The Theory of Learned Helplessness
Three Uses of "Learned Helplessness"
Learned Helplessness: Inward, Downward, and Outward
Why Learned Helplessness Has Been Controversial
Why Learned Helplessness Has Been Popular
Learned Helplessness in Animals
Learned Helplessness Theory
The Controversy
Contiguity Versus Contingency
Representation and Expectation
What We Know
What We Don't Know
The Biology of Learned Helplessness
Norepinephrine
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Endogenous Opiates
Transmitters, Neuromodulators, and Hormones
Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Issues Omitted
What We Know
What We Don't Know
Learned Helplessness in People
Criteria of Learned Helplessness
Operationalizing Learned Helplessness in the Laboratory
A Meta-Analysis of Human Helplessness Studies
Other Aspects of Human Helplessness
The Generality of Learned Helplessness Among People
Cognition and Self-Report
Other Explanations
What We Know
What We Don't Know
The Attributional Reformulation
Historical Background: Attribution Theory and Theorizing
Causal Explanations and Locus of Control
The Reformulated Learned Helplessness Model
Assessing Explanatory Style
Empirical Studies of Explanatory Style
What We Know
What We Don't Know
Learned Helplessness and Depression
What Is Depression?
The Reformulation of the Learned Helplessness Model of Depression
Modernity and Depression
Controversies
What We Know
What We Don't Know
Learned Helplessness and Social Problems
Survey of Applications
What We Know
What We Don't Know
Learned Helplessness and Physical Health
Some Groundrules
Risk Factors for Illness
Mechanisms
Health and Illness in Animals Versus People
What We Know
What We Don't Know
Epilogue
A Brief History of Choices
The Importance of Control
Learned Helplessness as a Model of Scientific Dispute and Progress
Learned Helplessness and the Age of Personal Control
Optimism Institutes
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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