Learners With Mild Disabilities: A Characteristics Approach

by Raymond, Eileen B.

• ISBN13: 9780205200641
• ISBN10: 0205200648
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780205386062
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-12-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This text focuses on four high-prevalence disabilities: mild mental retardation, learning disabilities, ADHD, and behavioral disorders. It begins with the conventional categorical perspective, and then moves to the perspective of alternative, non-categorical frameworks. Learners with Mild Disabilities focuses on students with disabilities with respect to their individual strengths and needs, considering their cognitive, perceptual, language, academic learning, and social/emotional characteristics. The reader is encouraged to apply these conceptual frameworks through analysis of the numerous vignettes and extended case studies stories which are drawn from the experiences of real children and teachers. The approach of this book emphasizes the complex nature of mild disabilities and provides an alternative to the notion that these are discrete disabilities.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
UNIT ONE: Setting the Stage	1	(50)
Perspectives on Disability	3	(23)
Meet Clarence	3	(3)
Studying High-Prevalence Disabilities	6	(1)
Mild Does Not Mean ``Not Serious''	7	(1)
The Power of Language	8	(2)
Labeling and Classifying	10	(1)
To Classify or Not to Classify	11	(4)
Current Thinking on Labeling	15	(1)
Prevention of Disabilities	16	(1)
Overview of the Principles of the IDEA	17	(4)
Amendments to P.L. 94--142	21	(1)
Summary	21	(1)
Ed Murphy: A Case Study	22	(4)
Historical Perspectives and Contexts	26	(25)
Meet Victor	26	(1)
The Historical Context of Disability	27	(1)
Early History	28	(1)
The Middle Ages and the Renaissance	29	(1)
The Englightenment	30	(1)
Disabilities in the United States: 1800--1900	31	(3)
Residential Services	31	(2)
Public Special Education	33	(1)
Disabilities in the United States: The Early Twentieth Century	34	(6)
Eugenics in Europe and America	34	(2)
The Testing Movement in Europe and America	36	(2)
Serving Children Identified as Having Disabilities	38	(1)
Special Education as a Profession	39	(1)
Disabilities in the United States from 1950 to the Present	40	(6)
General Education Initiative and Inclusion	40	(2)
Legislative and Governmental Initiatives	42	(2)
History of Rights Won in United States Courts	44	(2)
Trends in History	46	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Patty: A Case Study	48	(3)
UNIT TWO: Who Are the Learners with Mild Disabilities?	51	(116)
Learners with Mental Retardation	53	(35)
Meet Caroline	53	(2)
Historical Foundations of Mental Retardation	55	(1)
Historical Definitions of Mental Retardation in the United States	56	(2)
Current Definition of Mental Retardation	58	(3)
Alternatives to the Current IDEA Definition	61	(7)
1992 AAMR Definition	61	(4)
Assumptions on Which the 1992 AAMR Definition Is Based	65	(1)
Criticism of the 1992 AAMR Definition	65	(1)
Developmental Disabilities and Delay	66	(1)
An Alternative Definition with an Instructional Perspective	67	(1)
Levels of Severity	68	(2)
Educational Terminology	68	(1)
1992 AAMR Diagnostic Process	69	(1)
Prevalence of Mental Retardation	70	(1)
Typical Characteristics of Persons with Mental Retardation	71	(1)
Causes of Mental Retardation	72	(9)
Biological/Physiological Causes	73	(5)
Environmental Causes	78	(3)
Summary	81	(1)
Jennie: A Case Study	82	(6)
Learners with Learning Disabilities	88	(28)
Meet Peter	88	(1)
Historical Development of the Learning Disabilities Concept	89	(6)
Medical Phase	90	(1)
Learning Disability Phase	91	(2)
IDEA Phase	93	(2)
Current IDEA Definition	95	(2)
Assessment and Identification Issues	97	(2)
Multiple Perspectives on Severe Discrepancy	98	(1)
Alternative Definitions of Learning Disabilities Prior to 1975	99	(1)
Kirk Definition	100	(1)
Bateman Definition	100	(1)
National Advisory Committee on Handicapped Children (NACHC) Definition	100	(1)
Alternative Definitions of Learning Disabilities Developed after 1975	100	(2)
Association for Children with Learning Disabilities (ACLD/LDA) Definition	100	(1)
National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities Definition	101	(1)
Interagency Committee on Learning Disabilities (ICLD) Definition	102	(1)
Issues Raised by the Alternative Definitions	102	(1)
Causes of Learning Disabilities	103	(1)
Prevalence of Learning Disabilities	104	(3)
Types of Learning Disabilities	107	(1)
Characteristics of Students with Learning Disabilities	108	(1)
Summary	109	(2)
Bobby: A Case Study	111	(5)
Learners with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders	116	(22)
Meet Nancy	116	(2)
Children and Youth with Attention Problems	118	(1)
Historical Development of the Concept of ADHD	118	(2)
Current Definition in the DSM-IV	120	(2)
Types of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	122	(1)
Levels of Severity	123	(1)
Identification of Learners with ADHD	123	(1)
Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	124	(2)
Causes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivityy Disorder	126	(1)
Characteristics of Individuals with ADHD	127	(2)
Poor Delay of Response	128	(1)
Characteristics at Different Ages	128	(1)
Should ADHD Be a Separate Category in the IDEA?	129	(3)
ADHD and Other Health Impairments	130	(1)
ADHD and Learning Disabilities	130	(1)
ADHD and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	131	(1)
ADHD as a Social Construction	131	(1)
Summary	132	(2)
Frank: A Case Study	134	(4)
Learners with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	138	(29)
Meet Nicki	138	(1)
Terms to Refer to This Group of Learners	139	(2)
Historical Foundations	141	(2)
Current Federal IDEA Definition	143	(3)
Social Maladjustment: Definition and Exclusion	145	(1)
An Alternative Definition of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	146	(4)
Assessment and Identification Issues	150	(2)
Effect of Culture on Assessment and Identification	151	(1)
Prevalence of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	152	(4)
Levels of Severity	156	(1)
Causes of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	157	(4)
Biological Causes	157	(1)
Family Factors	158	(2)
Environmental, Social, and School Factors	160	(1)
Types of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	161	(2)
Summary	163	(1)
Carter: A Case Study	164	(3)
Unit Three: What Are Learners with Mild Disabilities Like?	167	(144)
Cognitive Characteristics	169	(33)
Meet Robert	169	(1)
Cognitive Theory and Approaches to Mild Disabilities	170	(1)
Theoretical Approaches to Cognitive Functioning	171	(1)
Constructivist Perspectives	172	(4)
Piaget	172	(4)
Vygotsky	176	(1)
Cognitive Styles Research	176	(4)
Field Dependence and Field Independence	177	(2)
Impulsivity and Reflectivity	179	(1)
Information-Processing Approaches	180	(19)
Structural Storage Components	182	(6)
Strategic Control Components	188	(8)
Executive Control Functions	196	(3)
Summary	199	(1)
Charlene: A Case Study	200	(2)
Perceptual Characteristics	202	(17)
Meet Fred	202	(1)
What Is Perception?	203	(1)
Perception and Special Education History	203	(3)
Theoretical Foundations of Perception	206	(2)
Frameworks for Conceptualizing Perception	206	(1)
Perceptual Processing	207	(1)
Assessment of Perceptual Functioning	208	(2)
Specific Perceptual Functions and Abilities	210	(4)
Issues in Perceptual Assessment and Training	214	(1)
Other Perspectives on Perceptual Functioning and Instruction	215	(1)
Summary	215	(1)
Jeanne: A Case Study	216	(3)
Language Characteristics	219	(31)
Meet Tom	219	(1)
Definition of Language	220	(1)
Language Components and Skills	221	(9)
Phonology	222	(1)
Morphology	223	(1)
Syntax	224	(1)
Semantics	225	(1)
Pragmatics	226	(4)
Language Channels: Comprehension and Production	230	(2)
Language Functions	232	(6)
Listening	232	(1)
Speaking	232	(1)
Reading	233	(1)
Writing	234	(4)
Common Language Characteristics of Learners with Mild Disabilities	238	(2)
Language Difference or Disability?	240	(4)
Implications of Language Characteristics for Thinking and Learning	244	(1)
Summary	245	(1)
Clark: A Case Study	246	(4)
Academic Learning Characteristics	250	(29)
Meet Barbara	250	(1)
What Is Learning?	251	(1)
Stages of Learning	252	(4)
Acquisition and Reversion	252	(1)
Proficiency and Automaticity	253	(1)
Maintenance	254	(1)
Generalization	254	(1)
Adaptation	254	(2)
Cognitive Processing Deficits and Academic Performance	256	(2)
The Role of Motivation	258	(4)
Extrinsic Motivation	258	(1)
Intrinsic Motivation	259	(3)
Locus of Control and Attribution of Success or Failure	262	(5)
External Attributions and Locus of Control	262	(1)
Internal Attributions and Locus of Control	263	(1)
Spiral of Failure or Success	264	(2)
Learned Helplessness	266	(1)
Adolescents with Disabilities in Behavior and Learning	267	(3)
Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences	270	(4)
Learning Styles	271	(1)
Multiple Intelligences	272	(1)
Conclusion	273	(1)
Instructional Needs of Learners with Disabilities	274	(2)
Time Allowed for Instruction	274	(1)
Persistence or Motivation	274	(1)
Pupils' Aptitude for Instruction	275	(1)
Ability to Understand Instruction	275	(1)
Quality of Instruction	275	(1)
Summary	276	(1)
Allison: A Case Study	277	(2)
Social-Emotional Characteristics	279	(32)
Meet Eddie	279	(1)
Perspectives on Social-Emotional Characteristics	280	(1)
Developmental Perspectives	281	(6)
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development	281	(2)
Emotional Development	283	(2)
Development of Social Perspective Taking	285	(2)
Social Competence and Cognitive Development	287	(7)
Social Intelligence	289	(2)
Emotional Competence	291	(1)
Social Cognitive Delay	292	(2)
Behavior from an Ecological Perspective	294	(3)
Risk and Resilience	296	(1)
The Relationship of Problems in Behavior and Problems in Learning	297	(1)
Maladaptive Behavior	298	(1)
Patterns of Maladaptive Behavior	299	(6)
Conduct Disorders	300	(2)
Anxiety-Withdrawal-Dysphoria Disorders	302	(3)
Summary	305	(1)
Sammy: A Case Study	306	(5)
UNIT FOUR: How Do We Serve Learners with Mild Disabilities?	311	(63)
Issues in Assessment and Identification	313	(19)
Meet Jeffrey	313	(1)
IDEA 1997: Assessment and Evaluation Requirements	314	(2)
Purposes of Assessment of Students with Special Educational Needs	316	(1)
Types of Assessment Instruments and Techniques	316	(3)
Norm-Referenced Assessment	316	(1)
Criterion-Referenced and Curriculum-Based Assessment	317	(1)
Performance Assessment	318	(1)
Portfolio Assessment	318	(1)
State and District Assessment and IDEA 1997	319	(1)
Best Practices in Assessment of Children and Youth with Disabilities	320	(1)
Issues in Identification	321	(7)
General Concerns	321	(1)
Mental Retardation	322	(2)
Learning Disabilities	324	(1)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	325	(1)
Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	325	(1)
Categories as Social Constructions	326	(1)
Noncategorical Models of Service: An Alternative?	327	(1)
Summary	328	(1)
Sharon: A Case Study	329	(3)
Issues in Curriculum and Instruction	332	(22)
Meet Aaron	332	(1)
IDEA 1997: Curriculum and Instruction Requirements	333	(3)
Curriculum and Students with Disabilities	336	(2)
Alternatives to the General Education Curriculum	338	(2)
Modified Curriculum	339	(1)
Alternative Curricula	340	(1)
Instruction and Individualized Education Programming	340	(1)
Instructional Strategies to Enhance Curriculum Access	341	(4)
Direct Instruction	342	(1)
Peer Tutoring	343	(1)
Cooperative Learning	343	(1)
Cognitive Strategies	344	(1)
Conclusions	344	(1)
Programming Models: Enhancements to General Education Pedagogies	345	(2)
Remediation in Basic Academic Skills	345	(1)
Tutorial Services	345	(1)
Cognitive Strategies or Skills Instruction	346	(1)
Life Skills or Functional Curricular Approaches	346	(1)
Instructional Modifications and Curricular Access	347	(2)
Reporting on Student Progress: Grading	349	(1)
Summary	350	(1)
Angie: A Case Study	351	(3)
Issues in Placement	354	(20)
Meet Tamika	354	(1)
IDEA 1997: Location of Services	355	(2)
Concept of the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)	357	(2)
Models of Service Commonly Used for Students with Mild Disabilities	359	(2)
Inclusion: A Continuing Issue in Special Education	361	(6)
Learning from the Research on Inclusion	364	(3)
IDEA 1997, Placement, and Serious Discipline Problems	367	(2)
Summary	369	(1)
Benny: A Case Study	370	(4)
Appendix A Policy Statements	374	(6)
Appendix B Protocols for Diagnosis of Mental Retardation	380	(8)
Glossary	388	(13)
References	401	(21)
Major Legislation Affecting Students with Disabilities	422	(1)
Court Cases	422	(1)
Index	423