Learning and Behavior

by Chance, Paul

• ISBN13: 9780534598686
• ISBN10: 0534598684
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-07-15
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

1. Introduction: Learning To Change. 2. The Study Of Learning And Behavior. 3. Pavlovian Procedures. 4. Pavlovian Applications. 5. Operant Reinforcement. 6. Operant Punishment. 7. Operant Applications. 8. Vicarious Learning. 9. Generalization, Discrimination, And Stimulus Control. 10. Schedules Of Reinforcement. 11. Forgetting. 12. The Limits Of Learning. Glossary. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Learning to Change	1	(33)
Natural Selection	2	(22)
BOX: The Face of Change	3	(5)
Reflexes	8	(4)
Fixed Action Patterns	12	(5)
General Behavior Traits	17	(5)
The Limits of Natural Selection	22	(2)
Learning: Evolved Modifiability	24	(2)
Nature and Nurture	26	(4)
BOX: The Superior Animal	27	(3)
Recommended Reading	30	(1)
Review Questions	31	(1)
Practice Quiz	32	(1)
Query Answers	33	(1)
The Study of Learning and Behavior	34	(32)
Learning Defined	36	(5)
Learning Means Change	36	(1)
What Changes Is Behavior	37	(1)
BOX: Defining Operations	38	(2)
What Changes Behavior Is Experience	40	(1)
Measuring Learning	41	(6)
Research Designs	47	(9)
Anecdotal Evidence	47	(1)
Case Studies	48	(1)
Descriptive Studies	49	(1)
Experimental Studies	50	(4)
Limitations of Experimental Research	54	(2)
Animal Research and Human Learning	56	(5)
Reasons for Animal Research	56	(1)
Objections to Animal Research	56	(5)
Questions About Learning	61	(1)
Recommended Reading	62	(1)
Review Questions	62	(2)
Practice Quiz	64	(1)
Query Answers	65	(1)
Pavlovian Conditioning	66	(39)
BOX: Ivan Pavlov: An Experimenter from Head to Foot	69	(1)
Basic Procedures	70	(4)
BOX: What's What in Pavlovian Conditioning!	73	(1)
Higher-Order Conditioning	74	(2)
Measuring Pavlovian Learning	76	(2)
Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning	78	(13)
Pairing CS and US	78	(3)
BOX: Pavlovian Flowchart	81	(1)
CS-US Contingency	81	(1)
CS-US Contiguity	82	(1)
Stimulus Features	83	(3)
Prior Experience with CS and US	86	(2)
Number of CS-US Pairings	88	(1)
Intertrial Interval	89	(1)
Other Variables	89	(2)
Extinction of Conditional Responses	91	(4)
BOX: Edwin B. Twitmyer and What Might Have Been	94	(1)
Theories of Conditioning	95	(6)
Stimulus Substitution Theory	96	(1)
Preparatory Response Theory	97	(1)
BOX: Conditioning and Awareness	98	(3)
Recommended Reading	101	(1)
Review Questions	101	(2)
Practice Quiz	103	(1)
Query Answers	104	(1)
Pavlovian Applications	105	(28)
Fear	106	(6)
BOX: Thank You, Albert	108	(3)
BOX: What Rats Can Teach Us About Fear	111	(1)
Prejudice	112	(2)
Advertising	114	(4)
BOX: Bite Your Tongue!	117	(1)
The Paraphilias	118	(4)
Taste Aversions	122	(4)
BOX: Changing the Coyote's Menu	125	(1)
Immune Function	126	(3)
Recommended Reading	129	(1)
Review Questions	130	(1)
Practice Quiz	131	(1)
Query Answers	132	(1)
Operant Reinforcement	133	(55)
BOX: E. L. Thorndike: What the Occasion Demanded	140	(1)
Basic Procedures	141	(3)
BOX: B. F. Skinner: The Darwin of Behavior Science	144	(1)
Discrete Trial and Free Operant Procedures	144	(3)
Operant and Pavlovian Learning Compared	147	(2)
Primary and Secondary reinforcers	149	(2)
Shaping and Chaining	151	(8)
BOX: Tips for Shapers	154	(5)
Variables Affecting Reinforcement	159	(8)
Contingency	159	(1)
Contiguity	160	(3)
Reinforcer Characteristics	163	(1)
Task Characteristics	164	(1)
Deprivation Level	165	(1)
BOX: Octopi Individuality	166	(1)
Other Variables	166	(1)
Extinction of Reinforced Behavior	167	(5)
Theories of Reinforcement	172	(6)
Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory	172	(2)
Relative Value Theory and the Premack Principle	174	(2)
Response Deprivation Theory	176	(2)
Theories of Avoidance	178	(5)
Two-Process Theory	179	(3)
One-Process Theory	182	(1)
Recommended Reading	183	(1)
Review Questions	184	(2)
Practice Quiz	186	(1)
Query Answers	186	(2)
Operant Punishment	188	(30)
Basic Procedures	190	(3)
BOX: Aversive Confusion: Positive Punishment and Negative Reinforcement Compared	192	(1)
Variables Affecting Punishment	193	(9)
Contigency	193	(2)
Contiguity	195	(2)
Punisher Intensity	197	(1)
Introductory Level of Punishment	198	(1)
Reinforcement of the Punished Behavior	199	(1)
Alternative Sources of Reinforcement	200	(1)
Deprivation Level	200	(2)
Other Variables	202	(1)
Theories of Punishment	202	(3)
Two-Process Theory	203	(1)
One-Process Theory	204	(1)
Problems with Punishment	205	(4)
Escape	206	(1)
Aggression	206	(1)
Apathy	207	(1)
Abuse	208	(1)
Imitation of the Punisher	208	(1)
Alternatives to Punishment	209	(5)
Response Prevention	209	(1)
Extinction	210	(1)
Differential Reinforcement	211	(2)
Noncontingent Reinforcement	213	(1)
Recommended Reading	214	(1)
Review Questions	215	(1)
Practice Quiz	216	(1)
Query Answers	217	(1)
Operant Applications	218	(46)
Animal Care and Training	219	(3)
BOX: Reinforcement Goes to the Dogs	221	(1)
Self-Awareness	222	(4)
BOX: The Shaping of Awareness	225	(1)
Self-Control	226	(3)
Verbal Behavior	229	(6)
BOX: Rewarding Lies	234	(1)
Insightful Problem Solving	235	(5)
Creativity	240	(4)
Superstition	244	(5)
BOX: Quick! Get Some Mud!	248	(1)
Learned Helplessness	249	(3)
Delusions and Hallucinations	252	(3)
Self-Injuries Behavior	255	(4)
Recommended Reading	259	(1)
Review Questions	260	(1)
Practice Quiz	261	(1)
Query Answers	262	(2)
Vicarious Learning	264	(38)
Basic Procedures	266	(13)
Vicarious Pavlovian Conditioning	267	(4)
Vicarious Operant Learning	271	(8)
Vicarious Learning Versus Imitation	279	(1)
Generalized Imitation	279	(2)
Variables Affecting Vicarious Learning	281	(6)
Consequences of the Model's Behavior	282	(1)
Consequences of the Observer's Behavior	282	(1)
Characteristics of the Model	283	(1)
BOX: Vicarious Learning and Human Nature	284	(1)
Observer's Age	285	(1)
Observer's Learning History	285	(1)
BOX: The Venus Effect or, How Can I Learn Anything When You Look at Me with Those Big Brown Eyes?	286	(1)
Other Variables	287	(1)
Theories of Vicarious Learning	287	(5)
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory	287	(2)
Miller-Dollard Reinforcement Theory	289	(3)
Applications of Vicarious Learning	292	(6)
Foraging	292	(1)
Crime and Television	293	(2)
Therapy for Phobia	295	(3)
Recommended Reading	298	(1)
Review Questions	298	(1)
Practice Quiz	299	(1)
Query Answers	300	(2)
Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control	302	(44)
Generalization	304	(9)
Generalization Gradients	306	(2)
Semantic Generalization	308	(1)
BOX: Generalized Therapy	309	(3)
Generalization Following Extinction and Punishment	312	(1)
Discrimination	313	(9)
Discrimination Training	313	(2)
BOX: Worlds Apart: Punks and Skinheads	315	(2)
BOX: Lessons from Lepers	317	(1)
Successive, Simultaneous, and MTS Procedures	318	(1)
Errorless Discrimination Training	319	(1)
Differential Outcomes Effect	320	(2)
Stimulus Control	322	(4)
BOX: Stimulus Control and Adaptation	324	(2)
Theories of Generalization and Discrimination	326	(6)
Pavlov's Theory	326	(1)
Spence's Theory	326	(3)
The Lashley-Wade Theory	329	(3)
Applications of Generalization and Discrimination	332	(9)
Concept Formation	332	(3)
Mental Rotation	335	(2)
Smoking Relapse	337	(2)
Experimental Neuroses	339	(2)
Recommended Reading	341	(1)
Review Questions	342	(1)
Practice Quiz	343	(1)
Query Answers	344	(2)
Schedules of Reinforcement	346	(42)
Simple Schedules	349	(12)
Continuous Reinforcement	349	(1)
Fixed Ratio Schedules	349	(2)
Variable Ratio Schedules	351	(1)
BOX: VR Harassment	352	(1)
Fixed Internal Schedules	353	(1)
Variable Interval Schedules	354	(1)
Other Simple Schedules	355	(4)
Stretching the Ratio	359	(1)
Extinction	360	(1)
Intermittent Reinforcement and the PRE	361	(6)
Discrimination Hypothesis	362	(1)
Frustration Hypothesis	363	(1)
Sequential Hypothesis	364	(1)
Response Unit Hypothesis	365	(2)
Complex Schedules	367	(3)
Choice and the Matching Law	370	(5)
BOX: Ghetto Choice	374	(1)
Applications of Schedules	375	(5)
Compulsive Gambling	375	(2)
Experimental Economics	377	(1)
Malingering	378	(2)
The Importance of Schedules Research	380	(3)
Recommended Reading	383	(1)
Review Questions	384	(2)
Practice Quiz	386	(1)
Query Answers	386	(2)
Forgetting	388	(37)
Defining Forgetting	390	(2)
Measuring Forgetting	392	(4)
BOX: The Myth of Permanent Memory	394	(2)
Variables in Forgetting	396	(12)
Degree of Learning	398	(2)
Prior Learning	400	(3)
Subsequent Learning	403	(2)
Context	405	(1)
BOX: Reminiscence and the State of Learning	406	(2)
Applied Research on Forgetting	408	(4)
Foraging	408	(1)
Eyewitness Testimony	409	(3)
Learning to Remember	412	(8)
BOX: Say All Fast Minute Each Day Shuffle	413	(1)
Overlearn	413	(1)
Use Mnemonics	414	(1)
Try a Mnemonic System	415	(1)
Use Context Cues	416	(1)
Use Prompts	417	(2)
BOX: The Man Who Couldn't Forget	419	(1)
A Final Word on Forgetting	420	(1)
Recommended Reading	420	(1)
Review Questions	421	(2)
Practice Quiz	423	(1)
Query Answers	424	(1)
The Limits of Learning	425	(23)
Physical Characteristics	426	(2)
Nonheritability of Learned Behavior	428	(2)
Heredity and Learning Ability	430	(2)
Neurological Damage and Learning	432	(2)
BOX: Recipe for Genius	433	(1)
Critical Periods	434	(2)
Preparedness and Learning	436	(6)
BOX: Learning and Humanity	441	(1)
Conclusion	442	(2)
Recommended Reading	444	(1)
Review Questions	444	(2)
Practice Quiz	446	(1)
Query Answers	446	(2)
Glossary	448	(9)
References	457	(32)
Author Index	489	(9)
Subject Index	498