Learning and Behavior Active Learning Edition (with Workbook)

by Chance, Paul

• ISBN13: 9780495032076
• ISBN10: 0495032077
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-08-08
• Publisher: Thomson-Wadsworth

Summary

Now in a paperback format with a new, free workbook built right into the text! LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR looks at learning as an evolutionary mechanism. Chance's book is stimulating, interactive, and filled with high-interest queries and examples. Based on the theme that learning is a biological mechanism that aids survival, this book embraces a scientific approach to behavior but is written in a lucid, clear language. The workbook portion of the book requires students to design experiments to test certain questions raised in the textbook. It also asks the students to use graphs to illustrate and summarize key experimental findings. Other exercises require students to apply the material, some of which require a pet, a roommate or a willing friend to complete. Thought questions require students to synthesize the concepts that they find in the text.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Learning to Change	p. 1
Natural Selection	p. 2
BOX: The Face of Change	p. 3
Reflexes	p. 8
Fixed Action Patterns	p. 12
General Behavior Traits	p. 17
The Limits of Natural Selection	p. 22
Learning: Evolved Modifiability	p. 24
Nature and Nurture	p. 26
BOX: The Superior Animal	p. 27
Recommended Reading	p. 30
Review Questions	p. 31
Practice Quiz	p. 32
Query Answers	p. 33
The Study of Learning and Behavior	p. 34
Learning Defined	p. 36
Learning Means Change	p. 36
What Changes Is Behavior	p. 37
BOX: Defining Operations	p. 38
What Changes Behavior Is Experience	p. 40
Measuring Learning	p. 41
Research Designs	p. 47
Anecdotal Evidence	p. 47
Case Studies	p. 48
Descriptive Studies	p. 49
Experimental Studies	p. 50
Limitations of Experimental Research	p. 54
Animal Research and Human Learning	p. 56
Reasons for Animal Research	p. 56
Objections to Animal Research	p. 56
Questions About Learning	p. 61
Recommended Reading	p. 62
Review Questions	p. 62
Practice Quiz	p. 64
Query Answers	p. 65
Pavlovian Conditioning	p. 66
BOX: Ivan Pavlov: An Experimenter from Head to Foot	p. 69
Basic Procedures	p. 70
BOX: What's What in Pavlovian Conditioning?	p. 73
Higher-Order Conditioning	p. 74
Measuring Pavlovian Learning	p. 76
Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning	p. 78
Pairing CS and US	p. 78
BOX: Pavlovian Flowchart	p. 81
CS-US Contingency	p. 81
CS-US Contiguity	p. 82
Stimulus Features	p. 83
Prior Experience with CS and US	p. 86
Number of CS-US Pairings	p. 88
Intertrial Interval	p. 89
Other Variables	p. 89
Extinction of Conditional Responses	p. 91
BOX: Edwin B. Twitmyer and What Might Have Been	p. 94
Theories of Conditioning	p. 95
Stimulus Substitution Theory	p. 96
Preparatory Response Theory	p. 97
BOX: Conditioning and Awareness	p. 98
Recommended Reading	p. 101
Review Questions	p. 101
Practice Quiz	p. 103
Query Answers	p. 104
Pavlovian Applications	p. 105
Fear	p. 106
BOX: Thank You, Albert	p. 108
BOX: What Rats Can Teach Us About Fear	p. 111
Prejudice	p. 112
Advertising	p. 114
BOX: Bite Your Tongue!	p. 117
The Paraphilias	p. 118
Taste Aversions	p. 122
BOX: Changing the Coyote's Menu	p. 125
Immune Function	p. 126
Recommended Reading	p. 129
Review Questions	p. 130
Practice Quiz	p. 131
Query Answers	p. 132
Operant Reinforcement	p. 133
BOX: E. L. Thorndike: What the Occasion Demanded	p. 140
Basic Procedures	p. 141
BOX: B. F. Skinner: The Darwin of Behavior Science	p. 144
Discrete Trial and Free Operant Procedures	p. 144
Operant and Pavlovian Learning Compared	p. 147
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers	p. 149
Shaping and Chaining	p. 151
BOX: Tips for Shapers	p. 154
Variables Affecting Reinforcement	p. 159
Contingency	p. 159
Contiguity	p. 160
Reinforcer Characteristics	p. 163
Task Characteristics	p. 164
Deprivation Level	p. 165
BOX: Octopi Individuality	p. 166
Other Variables	p. 166
Extinction of Reinforced Behavior	p. 167
Theories of Reinforcement	p. 172
Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory	p. 172
Relative Value Theory and the Premack Principle	p. 174
Response Deprivation Theory	p. 176
Theories of Avoidance	p. 178
Two-Process Theory	p. 179
One-Process Theory	p. 182
Recommended Reading	p. 183
Review Questions	p. 184
Practice Quiz	p. 186
Query Answers	p. 186
Operant Punishment	p. 188
Basic Procedures	p. 190
BOX: Aversive Confusion: Positive Punishment and Negative Reinforcement Compared	p. 192
Variables Affecting Punishment	p. 193
Contingency	p. 193
Contiguity	p. 195
Punisher Intensity	p. 197
Introductory Level of Punishment	p. 198
Reinforcement of the Punished Behavior	p. 199
Alternative Sources of Reinforcement	p. 200
Deprivation Level	p. 200
Other Variables	p. 202
Theories of Punishment	p. 202
Two-Process Theory	p. 203
One-Process Theory	p. 204
Problems with Punishment	p. 205
Escape	p. 206
Aggression	p. 206
Apathy	p. 207
Abuse	p. 208
Imitation of the Punisher	p. 208
Alternatives to Punishment	p. 209
Response Prevention	p. 209
Extinction	p. 210
Differential Reinforcement	p. 211
Noncontingent Reinforcement	p. 213
Recommended Reading	p. 214
Review Questions	p. 215
Practice Quiz	p. 216
Query Answers	p. 217
Operant Applications	p. 218
Animal Care and Training	p. 219
BOX: Reinforcement Goes to the Dogs	p. 221
Self-Awareness	p. 222
BOX: The Shaping of Awareness	p. 225
Self-Control	p. 226
Verbal Behavior	p. 229
BOX: Rewarding Lies	p. 234
Insightful Problem Solving	p. 235
Creativity	p. 240
Superstition	p. 244
BOX: Quick! Get Some Mud!	p. 248
Learned Helplessness	p. 249
Delusions and Hallucinations	p. 252
Self-Injurious Behavior	p. 255
Recommended Reading	p. 259
Review Questions	p. 260
Practice Quiz	p. 261
Query Answers	p. 262
Vicarious Learning	p. 264
Basic Procedures	p. 266
Vicarious Pavlovian Conditioning	p. 267
Vicarious Operant Learning	p. 271
Vicarious Learning Versus Imitation	p. 279
Generalized Imitation	p. 279
Variables Affecting Vicarious Learning	p. 281
Consequences of the Model's Behavior	p. 282
Consequences of the Observer's Behavior	p. 282
Characteristics of the Model	p. 283
BOX: Vicarious Learning and Human Nature	p. 284
Observer's Age	p. 285
Observer's Learning History	p. 285
BOX: The Venus Effect or, How Can I Learn Anything When You Look at Me with Those Big Brown Eyes?	p. 286
Other Variables	p. 287
Theories of Vicarious Learning	p. 287
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory	p. 287
Miller-Dollard Reinforcement Theory	p. 289
Applications of Vicarious Learning	p. 292
Foraging	p. 292
Crime and Television	p. 293
Therapy for Phobia	p. 295
Recommended Reading	p. 298
Review Questions	p. 298
Practice Quiz	p. 299
Query Answers	p. 300
Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control	p. 302
Generalization	p. 304
Generalization Gradients	p. 306
Semantic Generalization	p. 308
BOX: Generalized Therapy	p. 309
Generalization Following Extinction and Punishment	p. 312
Discrimination	p. 313
Discrimination Training	p. 313
BOX: Worlds Apart: Punks and Skinheads	p. 315
BOX: Lessons from Lepers	p. 317
Successive, Simultaneous, and MTS Procedures	p. 318
Errorless Discrimination Training	p. 319
Differential Outcomes Effect	p. 320
Stimulus Control	p. 322
BOX: Stimulus Control and Adaptation	p. 324
Theories of Generalization and Discrimination	p. 326
Pavlov's Theory	p. 326
Spence's Theory	p. 326
The Lashley-Wade Theory	p. 329
Applications of Generalization and Discrimination	p. 332
Concept Formation	p. 332
Mental Rotation	p. 335
Smoking Relapse	p. 337
Experimental Neuroses	p. 339
Recommended Reading	p. 341
Review Questions	p. 342
Practice Quiz	p. 343
Query Answers	p. 344
Schedules of Reinforcement	p. 346
Simple Schedules	p. 349
Continuous Reinforcement	p. 349
Fixed Ratio Schedules	p. 349
Variable Ratio Schedules	p. 351
BOX: VR Harassment	p. 352
Fixed Interval Schedules	p. 353
Variable Interval Schedules	p. 354
Other Simple Schedules	p. 355
Stretching the Ratio	p. 359
Extinction	p. 360
Intermittent Reinforcement and the PRE	p. 361
Discrimination Hypothesis	p. 362
Frustration Hypothesis	p. 363
Sequential Hypothesis	p. 364
Response Unit Hypothesis	p. 365
Complex Schedules	p. 367
Choice and the Matching Law	p. 370
BOX: Ghetto Choice	p. 374
Applications of Schedules	p. 375
Compulsive Gambling	p. 375
Experimental Economics	p. 377
Malingering	p. 378
The Importance of Schedules Research	p. 380
Recommended Reading	p. 383
Review Questions	p. 384
Practice Quiz	p. 386
Query Answers	p. 386
Forgetting	p. 388
Defining Forgetting	p. 390
Measuring Forgetting	p. 392
BOX: The Myth of Permanent Memory	p. 394
Variables in Forgetting	p. 396
Degree of Learning	p. 398
Prior Learning	p. 400
Subsequent Learning	p. 403
Context	p. 405
BOX: Reminiscence and the State of Learning	p. 406
Applied Research on Forgetting	p. 408
Foraging	p. 408
Eyewitness Testimony	p. 409
Learning to Remember	p. 412
BOX: Say All Fast Minute Each Day Shuffle	p. 413
Overlearn	p. 413
Use Mnemonics	p. 414
Try a Mnemonic System	p. 415
Use Context Cues	p. 416
Use Prompts	p. 417
BOX: The Man Who Couldn't Forget	p. 419
A Final Word on Forgetting	p. 420
Recommended Reading	p. 420
Review Questions	p. 421
Practice Quiz	p. 423
Query Answers	p. 424
The Limits of Learning	p. 425
Physical Characteristics	p. 426
Nonheritability of Learned Behavior	p. 428
Heredity and Learning Ability	p. 430
Neurological Damage and Learning	p. 432
BOX: Recipe for Genius	p. 433
Critical Periods	p. 434
Preparedness and Learning	p. 436
BOX: Learning and Humanity	p. 441
Conclusion	p. 442
Recommended Reading	p. 444
Review Questions	p. 444
Practice Quiz	p. 446
Query Answers	p. 446
Glossary	p. 448
References	p. 457
Author Index	p. 489
Subject Index	p. 498
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