Learning and Memory: An Integrated Approach, 2nd Edition

by John R. Anderson (Carnegie Mellon Univ.)

• ISBN13: 9780471249252
• ISBN10: 0471249254
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-11-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

From one of the leading researchers in the field of human memory comes the new edition of a truly integrative perspective on learning and memory! Rather than forge a simple synthesis, Anderson integrates learning research on animals and memory research on humans without distorting the character of either one. The result is a more complete picture of learning, including material on skill acquisition, inductive learning, and applications to education.

Table of Contents

Perspectives on Learning and Memory	1	(38)
Learning and Adaptation	1	(2)
Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches	3	(1)
Definitions of Learning and Memory	4	(2)
History of Research on Learning and Memory	6	(24)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850--1909)	7	(2)
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849--1936)	9	(3)
Edward L. Thorndike (1874--1949)	12	(4)
Clark L. Hull (1884--1952)	16	(1)
Edward C. Tolman (1886--1959)	17	(3)
B. F. Skinner (1904--1990)	20	(4)
The General Problem Solver (Newell & Simon, 1961)	24	(3)
A Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)	27	(3)
Neural Basis of Learning and Memory	30	(7)
The Nervous System	30	(3)
The Neuron	33	(2)
Neural Explanations and Information-Processing Explanations	35	(2)
Outline of the Book	37	(1)
Further Readings	38	(1)
Classical Conditioning	39	(39)
Overview	39	(1)
The Phenomena of Classical Conditioning: Eye Blink in Humans	39	(4)
Sensitization and Habituation	41	(1)
Conditioning and Awareness	42	(1)
What This Chapter Covers	43	(1)
Neural Basis of Classical Conditioning	44	(5)
Simple Learning in Aplysia (Sea Slug)	45	(2)
Classical Conditioning of the Eye Blink in the Rabbit	47	(2)
S--S or S--R Associations?	49	(4)
Response--Prevention Paradigm	50	(1)
US Devaluation Paradigm	51	(1)
Sensory Preconditioning Paradigm	51	(1)
Second-Order Conditioning Paradigm	52	(1)
Conclusions	53	(1)
What Is the Conditioned Stimulus?	53	(1)
What Is the Conditioned Response?	54	(4)
Association: The Role of Contingency	58	(5)
Rescorla's Experiment	58	(2)
Conditioned Inhibition	60	(1)
Associative Bias	61	(1)
Conclusions about the Nature of the Association	62	(1)
Conditioning to Stimulus Combinations	63	(2)
Blocking	63	(1)
Configural Cues	64	(1)
Conclusions	65	(1)
The Rescorla--Wagner Theory	65	(10)
Application to Compound Stimuli	66	(2)
Application to Blocking and Conditioned Inhibition	68	(2)
Problems with the Rescorla--Wagner Theory	70	(2)
Neural Realization: The Delta Rule	72	(3)
Final Reflections on Classical Conditioning	75	(2)
Further Readings	77	(1)
Instrumental Conditioning	78	(40)
Overview	78	(1)
Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Compared	79	(1)
What This Chapter Covers	80	(1)
What Is Associated?	80	(3)
Associations Between Responses and Neural Outcomes	81	(1)
Secondary Reinforcement	82	(1)
What Is the Conditioned Stimulus?	83	(11)
Generalization	84	(2)
Discrimination	86	(2)
Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning	88	(1)
Relational Responding: Transposition	89	(1)
Dimensional or Attentional Learning	90	(3)
Configural Cues and Learning of Categories	93	(1)
What Is the Conditioned Response?	94	(5)
Maze Learning	95	(2)
Response Shaping and Instinctive Drift	97	(1)
Autoshaping	98	(1)
Association: Contiguity or Contingency?	99	(7)
Superstitious Learning	101	(1)
Partial Reinforcement	102	(1)
Learned Helplessness	103	(1)
Associative Bias	104	(2)
Instrumental Conditioning and Causal Inference	106	(3)
Application of the Rescorla-Wagner Theory	107	(1)
Interpretations	108	(1)
The Hippocampus and Conditioning	109	(7)
The Nature of Hippocampal Learning	112	(2)
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)	114	(1)
Long-Term Potentiation and Hippocampal Learning	115	(1)
Final Reflections on Conditioning	116	(1)
Further Readings	117	(1)
Reinforcement and Learning	118	(34)
Some Basic Concepts and Principles	118	(7)
Rational Behavior	119	(2)
Effects of Reinforcement on Learning	121	(2)
Reward and Punishment	123	(2)
Aversive Control of Behavior	125	(5)
Punishment	125	(4)
Negative Reinforcement	129	(1)
The Nature of Reinforcement	130	(7)
Drive-Reduction Theory	130	(2)
Premack's Theory of Reinforcement	132	(2)
Neural Basis for Reinforcement	134	(1)
Equilibrium Theory and Bliss Points	134	(3)
Studies of Choice Behavior	137	(11)
Schedules of Reinforcement	137	(2)
Variable-Interval Schedules and the Matching Law	139	(1)
Momentary Maximizing	140	(2)
Probability Matching	142	(1)
Optimal Foraging Theory	143	(2)
Effects of Delay of Reinforcement	145	(3)
Mechanisms of Choice	148	(2)
Human Decision Making	148	(2)
Final Reflections	150	(1)
Further Readings	151	(1)
Transient Memories	152	(33)
Conditioning Research Versus Memory Research	152	(3)
Animal Research Versus Human Research	153	(2)
Sensory Memory	155	(5)
Visual Sensory Memory	155	(2)
Auditory Sensory Memory	157	(2)
Conclusions about Sensory Memory	159	(1)
The Raise and Fall of the Theory of Short-Term Memory	160	(6)
Effects of Rehearsal	160	(2)
Coding Differences	162	(2)
The Retention Function	164	(2)
Conclusions about Short-Term Memory	166	(1)
Rehearsal Systems	166	(12)
The Phonological Loop	167	(2)
The Visuo-spatial Sketch Pad	169	(2)
Working Memory and the Central Executive	171	(1)
The Sternberg Paradigm	172	(3)
Rehearsal Processes in Lower Organisms	175	(3)
The Neural Basis of Working Memory	178	(5)
Neural Imaging of Working Memory in Human	180	(3)
Final Reflections	183	(1)
Further Readings	184	(1)
Acquisition on Memories	185	(41)
Stages of Memory	185	(1)
Practice and Trace Strength	186	(11)
The Power Law of Learning	187	(4)
Repetition and Conditioning	191	(1)
Long-Term Potentiation and the Environment	192	(3)
Significance of a Power Function	195	(2)
Elaborateness of Processing	197	(6)
The Generation Effect	198	(2)
Differences Between Elaboration and Strength	200	(1)
Incidental Versus Intentional Learning	201	(1)
Implications for Education	202	(1)
The Structure of Memory	203	(18)
The Brain and Memory	203	(2)
An Abstract Representation of Permanent Memory	205	(1)
Priming	206	(1)
Chunking	207	(3)
Representation of Knowledge	210	(1)
Memory for Visual Information	211	(3)
Effects of Imagery	214	(1)
Meaningful Memory for Sentences	215	(1)
Differential Decay of Sensory and Semantic Information	216	(2)
Kintsch's Propositional Theory of Text Memory	218	(1)
The Bransford and Franks Study	219	(2)
Memory Representation in Other Species	221	(2)
Sequential Memory of Pigeons	221	(1)
Representational Structures in Primates	222	(1)
Final Reflections	223	(2)
Further Readings	225	(1)
Retention of Memories	226	(39)
Overview	226	(1)
The Retention Function	227	(7)
Decay: The Power Law of Forgetting	228	(3)
Degree of Learning and Forgetting	231	(1)
Environmental and Neural Bases for the Power Law of Forgetting	232	(2)
Spacing Effects	234	(5)
Spacing Effects on the Retention Function	237	(1)
Spacing Effects in the Environment	238	(1)
Interference	239	(17)
Item-Based Interference	241	(2)
A Theory of Associative Interference	243	(2)
Relationship to the Rescorla--Wagner Theory	245	(1)
Recognition Memory and Multiple Cues	246	(2)
Item Strength and Interference	248	(1)
Interference with Preexperimental Memories	249	(3)
Context-Based Interference	252	(2)
Is All Forgetting a Matter of Interference?	254	(2)
Retention of Emotionally Charged Material	256	(6)
Freud's Repression Hypothesis	256	(1)
Arousal and Retention	257	(2)
The False Memory Syndrome	259	(1)
Eyewitness Memory and Flashbulb Memories	260	(2)
Final Reflections	262	(2)
Further Readings	264	(1)
Retrieval of Memories	265	(39)
Overview	265	(1)
The Relationship Between Various Explicit Measures of Memory	266	(13)
Recognition Versus Recall of Word Lists	268	(2)
Retrieval Strategies and Free Recall	270	(1)
Mnemonic Strategies for Recall	271	(2)
Evaluation of the Generate-Recognize Theory	273	(3)
Measuring Recognition Memory: The High-Threshold Model	276	(1)
Signal Detectability Theory	276	(3)
Conclusions about Recognition Versus Recall	279	(1)
Interactions Between Study and Test	279	(11)
Context Dependency of Memory	279	(1)
State-Dependent Memory	280	(2)
Mood-Dependency and Mood-Congruence Effects	282	(2)
Enconding-Specificity Principle and Transfer-Appropriate Processing	284	(1)
Reconstructive and Inferential Memory	285	(2)
Inferential Intrusions in Recall	287	(2)
Conclusions About Study--Test Interactions	289	(1)
Explicity Versus Implicit Memories	290	(12)
Feeling of Knowing	290	(1)
Familiarity	291	(3)
Retrieval Facilitation	294	(1)
Interactions with Study Conditions	295	(3)
Amnesia in Humans	298	(3)
Selective Amnesia	301	(1)
Final Reflections	302	(1)
Further Readings	303	(1)
Skill Acquisition	304	(34)
Overview	304	(7)
Power Law Learning	307	(3)
Stages of Skill Acquisition	310	(1)
The Cognitive Stage	311	(8)
Difference Reduction	312	(2)
Operator Subgoaling	314	(5)
The Associative Stage	319	(6)
The Conversion of Problem Solving into Retrieval	320	(2)
Production Rules	322	(2)
The Knowledge-Intensive Nature of Skill	324	(1)
The Autonomous Stage	325	(11)
The Motor Program	326	(2)
Noncognitive Control	328	(1)
Generality of Motor Programs	329	(1)
Learning of Motor Programs	330	(1)
Tuning of Motor Program: Schema Theory	331	(3)
The Role of Feedback	334	(2)
Final Reflections	336	(1)
Further Readings	337	(1)
Inductive Learning	338	(39)
Overview	338	(2)
Concept Acquisition	340	(14)
Concept-Identification Studies	341	(2)
Hypothesis Testing	343	(3)
Natural Concepts	346	(3)
A Schema Theory: Gluck and Bower	349	(1)
An Exemplar Theory: Medin and Schaffer	350	(2)
A Pluralistic View of Concept Acquistion	352	(2)
Causal Inference	354	(10)
Statistical Cues	355	(2)
Cues of Spatial and Temporal Contiguity	357	(4)
Kinematic Cues	361	(1)
Understanding Complex Systems	362	(2)
Conclusions about Causal Inference	364	(1)
Language Acquisition	364	(11)
Character of Language Acquisition	366	(2)
Theories of Past-Tense Acquisition	368	(2)
A Critical Period for Language Acquisition	370	(1)
Innate Language-Learning Abilities	371	(1)
Animal Language Learning	372	(3)
Final Reflections	375	(1)
Further Readings	376	(1)
Applications to Education	377	(38)
The Goals of Education	377	(6)
Reading	379	(1)
Mathematics	380	(3)
Psychology and Education	383	(4)
The Behaviorist Program	383	(3)
Mastery Learning	386	(1)
The Cognitive Approach	387	(1)
Reading Instruction	387	(10)
Nature of the Adult Skill	388	(3)
Phonetic Decoding Skills	391	(2)
Comprehension Skills	393	(3)
Conclusions about Reading Instruction	396	(1)
Mathematics Instruction	397	(16)
Basic Arithmetic Facts	399	(1)
Multicolumn Subtraction	400	(1)
Algebraic Word Problems	401	(4)
Geometric Proof Skills	405	(2)
Intelligent Tutoring Systems	407	(4)
The Role of Mathematics in Life	411	(2)
Final Reflections	413	(1)
Further Readings	414	(1)
Glossary	415	(11)
Bibliography	426	(41)
Photo Credits	467	(2)
Author Index	469	(12)
Subject Index	481