Legal Protection of the Environment

by Johnston, Craig N.; Funk, William F.; Flatt, Victor B.; Johnson, Craig N.

• ISBN13: 9780314152664
• ISBN10: 0314152660
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-09-07
• Publisher: West Academic

Summary

This new casebook is an excellent tool for teaching students how to analyze environmental issues and become environmental lawyers. It covers the most significant environmental programs, shows how they operate, and demonstrates how remaining ambiguities are resolved by both agencies and the courts. In addition to containing thorough coverage of the major pollution control laws and NEPA, this book places more emphasis than most similar books do on areas such as the wetlands program and the Endangered Species Act.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Acknowledgments	vii
Table of Cases	xix
Introduction	1	(81)
Introduction	1	(1)
Some Perspectives on Environmental Law	2	(33)
History of Environmental Law	2	(4)
Types of Regulations	6	(4)
Theoretical Issues	10	(1)
Public Goods	11	(2)
Notes and Comments	13	(2)
Cost/Benefit Analysis	15	(5)
Notes and Comments	20	(1)
Risk Analysis	20	(3)
Notes and Comments	23	(1)
The Polluter Pays Principle	24	(1)
Sustainable Development	24	(2)
The Precautionary Principle	26	(4)
Environmental Ethics	30	(2)
Notes and Comments	32	(1)
Environmental Justice	32	(3)
Notes and Comments	35	(1)
The Constitution and Environmental Law	35	(34)
Authority for Environmental Laws	35	(4)
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association, Inc.	39	(3)
Hodel v. Indiana	42	(4)
Notes and Comments	46	(2)
Constitutional Limitations on Environmental Laws	48	(1)
Tenth Amendment	48	(1)
The Eleventh Amendment	49	(1)
The Takings Clause	50	(3)
Notes and Comments	53	(1)
Constitutional Limitations on State Laws	54	(1)
The Supremacy Clause	54	(2)
The Dormant Commerce Clause	56	(2)
Constitutional Limitations on Bringing Lawsuits	58	(1)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife	59	(10)
Notes and Comments	69	(1)
Administrative Law Issues	69	(13)
Rulemaking	70	(1)
Adjudication	71	(1)
Presidential Oversight	72	(1)
Judicial Review	73	(1)
Obtaining Review	73	(1)
Preclusion of Review	73	(1)
APA Requirements for Review	74	(1)
Zone of Interests	74	(1)
Finality	75	(2)
Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies	77	(1)
Common Law Requirements for Review	78	(1)
Issue Exhaustion and Waiver	78	(1)
Ripeness	78	(1)
The Scope of Judicial Review	79	(3)
NEPA	82	(48)
Introduction to NEPA	82	(1)
Overview of NEPA and the NEPA Process	83	(8)
Is an EIS Required?	91	(21)
Is it a Major Action?	91	(1)
Kleppe v. Sierra Club American Electric Power System v. Sierra Club	92	(8)
Notes and Questions	100	(1)
Is it Federal?	101	(1)
Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska v. Ray	101	(4)
Notes and Questions	105	(1)
Does it Significantly Affect the Quality of the Human Environment	106	(1)
Grand Canyon Trust v. Federal Aviation Administration	107	(4)
Notes and Questions	111	(1)
Is the EIS Adequate?	112	(13)
Environmental Effects	112	(2)
Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council	114	(7)
Notes and Questions	121	(1)
Alternatives Consideration	121	(2)
Mitigation	123	(1)
Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council	123	(2)
State Environmental Policy Acts	125	(2)
The Effects of NEPA	127	(3)
The Clean Water Act	130	(83)
The NPDES Program	130	(83)
Jurisdiction	131	(1)
Addition of a Pollutant	132	(1)
Catskill Mountains Chapter of Trout Unlimited, Inc. v. City of New York	132	(3)
Notes and Questions	135	(3)
Navigable Waters	138	(1)
Idaho Rural Council v. Bosma	139	(2)
Notes and Questions	141	(2)
Point Source	143	(1)
United States v. Plaza Health Laboratories, Inc.	143	(5)
Notes and Questions	148	(2)
The Federal/State Relationship	150	(1)
How States Become Authorized	151	(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. EPA	152	(4)
Notes and Questions	156	(1)
EPA Oversight	157	(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. U.S. EPA	158	(3)
Questions and Notes	161	(1)
Substantive Standards	162	(1)
Technology-Based Standards	163	(1)
Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Costle	164	(7)
Questions and Notes	171	(7)
Water Quality--Based Requirements	178	(1)
How Water Quality Standards are Set	178	(2)
Notes and Questions	180	(2)
How Water Quality Standards are Implemented for Point Sources	182	(2)
Arkansas v. Oklahoma	184	(5)
Questions and Notes	189	(3)
Other Water Quality--Based Programs Under the CWA	192	(1)
§ 401 Certifications	192	(1)
PUD No. 1 of Jefferson County v. Washington Dept. of Ecology	193	(7)
Questions and Notes	200	(2)
Sections 208 and 319	202	(1)
The TMDL Program	203	(2)
Pronsolino v. Nastri	205	(6)
Notes and Questions	211	(2)
Clean Air Act	213	(176)
The Problem of Air Pollution	213	(19)
The Clean Air Act---Overview	232	(2)
The Clean Air Act and the Control of ``Criteria Pollutants''	234	(47)
What is a Criteria Pollutant?	234	(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Train	234	(4)
Notes and Questions	238	(1)
How is a National Ambient Air Quality Standard Established?	239	(10)
Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc.	249	(6)
Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. United States Environmental Protection Agency	255	(1)
How are the National Ambient Air Quality Standards Met?---State Implementation Plans	255	(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Train	256	(1)
Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	257	(2)
What about the transport of criteria pollutants?	259	(1)
Appalachian Power Company v. Environmental Protection Agency	260	(14)
Notes and Questions	274	(1)
Environmental Protection Agency	274	(3)
Notes and Questions	277	(1)
What happens when the states don't meet the NAAQS---Non-compliance	277	(3)
Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc.	280	(1)
The Clean Air Act---Direct Controls on Sources	281	(40)
Stationary sources	281	(3)
Notes and Questions	284	(1)
Lignite Energy Council v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	284	(4)
New Source Review---What about existing sources? (An exercise in the administrative process)	288	(1)
New Source Review	289	(1)
Application to Existing Sources	289	(1)
Wisconsin Electric Power Company v. Reilly	290	(8)
Notes and Questions	298	(1)
Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	299	(8)
Wisconsin Electric Power Company v. Reilly	307	(7)
Notes and Comments	314	(3)
United States v. Ohio Edison Company	317	(2)
Notes and Questions	319	(2)
Clean Air Act---Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Related Requirements	321	(19)
The Core Program	321	(1)
Alabama Power Company v. Costle	321	(7)
Air Quality Related Values and Visibility Protection	328	(1)
Central Arizona Water Conservation District v. United States Environmental Protection Agency	329	(11)
The Clean Air Act---General Enforcement and Permits for Regulated Stationary Sources	340	(27)
What is required for a state permit program to be approved?	342	(1)
Public Citizen, Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency	342	(9)
Federal Overfiling---Federal Enforcement above and beyond the state	351	(1)
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. Environmental Protection Agency	351	(16)
Clean Air Act---Regulation of Hazardous Air Pollution	367	(5)
History of the regulation of HAP--the change to technology based standards	367	(4)
Health Based Standards Remain	371	(1)
The Clean Air Act---Mobile Sources	372	(9)
The Clean Air Act---Acid Deposition Control and the Use of Market Based Controls	381	(8)
SO2 Emission Limitation Program	382	(2)
NOx Emission Limitation Program	384	(1)
The Use of Market Based Trading Systems	385	(4)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	389	(33)
Overview and Jurisdiction	389	(19)
What is a ``Solid Waste''?	390	(2)
American Mining Congress v. U.S. EPA	392	(6)
Notes and Questions	398	(6)
What is a ``Hazardous Waste''?	404	(2)
Notes and Questions	406	(2)
The Regulatory Program	408	(14)
Generator Requirements	408	(4)
Notes and Questions	412	(1)
Requirements for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDs)	412	(8)
Notes and Questions	420	(2)
Regulatory Enforcement	422	(96)
Enforcement	422	(96)
Investigations	422	(2)
Enforcement Options	424	(1)
EPA--Lead Civil Actions in Court	425	(1)
Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo	425	(6)
Questions and Notes	431	(1)
United States v. The Municipal Authority of Union Township	432	(6)
Questions and Notes	438	(1)
Administrative Enforcement	439	(1)
Southern Pines Associates v. United States	439	(3)
Questions and Notes	442	(11)
Questions and Notes	453	(2)
Criminal Enforcement	455	(1)
United States v. Weitzenhoff	456	(8)
Questions and Notes	464	(1)
Federalism Issues in the Enforcement Context	465	(1)
Harmon Industries, Inc. v. Browner	466	(4)
Questions and Notes	470	(2)
Citizen Suits	472	(1)
Notice	473	(1)
Standing	474	(1)
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services	474	(5)
Questions and Notes	479	(4)
The Gwaltney Doctrine	483	(1)
Gwaltney of Smithfield, Ltd., v. Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Inc.	483	(7)
Questions and Notes	490	(4)
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services	494	(5)
Questions and Notes	499	(3)
The Effect of Prior Governmental Enforcement Actions	502	(2)
Attorney Fees	504	(1)
Hensley v. Eckerhart	505	(3)
Buckhannon Board and Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources	508	(7)
Questions and Notes	515	(3)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act	518	(74)
Cercla	518	(74)
Overview and Jurisdiction	518	(3)
EPA Response	521	(1)
Liable Parties	522	(1)
Owner/Operator Liability	523	(1)
Ownership Liability	523	(1)
New York v. Shore Realty Corp.	523	(1)
Notes and Questions	524	(3)
Operator Liability	527	(1)
United States v. Bestfoods	527	(6)
Notes and Questions	533	(4)
Arrangers for Disposal or Treatment	537	(1)
United States v. Wade	538	(2)
Notes and Questions	540	(3)
Scope of Liability	543	(1)
United States v. Chem--Dyne Corp.	543	(4)
O'Neil v. Picillo	547	(3)
Notes and Questions	550	(2)
Defenses	552	(5)
Notes and Questions	557	(3)
A Quick Overview of the Cleanup Process	560	(4)
Settlement	564	(5)
United States v. Cannons Engineering Corp.	569	(6)
Notes and Questions	575	(1)
Private Party Cost-Recovery and Contribution	575	(2)
Bedford Affiliates v. Sills	577	(2)
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Aviall Services, Inc.	579	(6)
Notes and Questions	585	(7)
Protection of Particular Natural Resources	592	(135)
The Endangered Species Act of 1973	592	(64)
Outline of the Act	593	(1)
Section 4	593	(1)
Listing	594	(1)
Endangered or Threatened	594	(1)
Notes and Comments	595	(2)
``A Significant Portion of its Range''	597	(1)
Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton	597	(3)
Notes and Comments	600	(1)
``Species'' includes ``subspecies''	600	(1)
``Species'' includes Distinct Population Segments	601	(1)
National Association of Home Builders v. Norton	602	(6)
Notes and Comments	608	(2)
Critical Habitat	610	(3)
Recovery	613	(1)
The Procedures	613	(2)
Notes and Comments	615	(1)
Section 7	616	(1)
The Affirmative Obligation	617	(1)
The Procedural Requirements	618	(2)
Thomas v. Peterson	620	(4)
Lane County Audubon Society v. Jamison	624	(4)
Newton County Wildlife Association v. Rogers	628	(1)
Questions and Comments	629	(2)
The Substantive Requirements	631	(1)
Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. United States	632	(3)
Notes and Comments	635	(1)
Exemptions	636	(2)
Notes and Comments	638	(1)
Section 9	639	(1)
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon	639	(12)
Notes and Questions	651	(2)
Section 10	653	(2)
Section 11	655	(1)
Protecting Wetlands	656	(48)
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act	657	(1)
What Waters are Covered?	658	(1)
United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc.	659	(4)
Notes and Comments	663	(1)
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. United States Army Corps of Engineers	664	(9)
Notes and Comments	673	(3)
What Activities are Covered?	676	(2)
National Mining Association v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers	678	(3)
Notes and Comments	681	(3)
Exceptions from the Permit Requirement	684	(1)
The 404 Permit	684	(2)
The 404 (b)(1) Guidelines and the Public Interest Review	686	(3)
Fund for Animals, Inc. v. Rice	689	(6)
Notes and Comments	695	(1)
General Permits and Alternative Procedures	696	(1)
Nationwide Permits	696	(2)
Other General Permits and Letters of Permission	698	(2)
Notes and Comments	700	(1)
The Swampbuster Program	701	(3)
The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977	704	(23)
Background	704	(4)
SMCRA's Provisions	708	(2)
Notes and Comments	710	(1)
Issues	711	(1)
Federalism Issues	711	(2)
Haydo v. Amerikohl Mining, Inc.	713	(3)
Molinary v. Powell Mountain Coal Company	716	(4)
Notes and Comments	720	(1)
Mountaintop-removal/Valley fill mining	720	(4)
Notes and Comments	724	(1)
Enforcement Issues	724	(3)
Appendix	727	(36)
Glossary of Acronyms	763	(4)
Index	767