The Legal Writing Handbook: Analysis, Research And Writing

by Oates, Laurel Currie

• ISBN13: 9780735555686
• ISBN10: 0735555680
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-05-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business

Summary

Students and professors will welcome this new edition of the only text for legal writing and research that covers all three key components of the first-year course -- research, writing, and analysis. These distinctive features earned THE LEGAL WRITING HANDBOOK its popularity: comprehensive coverage of analysis, writing, and research teaches a state of the art approach to legal research, with an emphasis on electronic research uses a process approach to lead students from pre-writing to drafting, editing, And The final draft begins with the basics of the legal system, introducing students to how to read and analyze statutes and cases, then takes students through the process of writing an objective memorandum and trial and appellate briefs offers resources to help students become more effective writers, including extensive guidance on effective legal style, grammar, and mechanics demonstrates concepts through the use of examples provides grammar and rhetorical/cultural information designed specifically for law students for whom English is a second language broad coverage makes the book easy to adapt for two-, three-, or four-semester programs provides numerous exercises in an accompanying Practice Book to help students master research and writing skills the comprehensive Teachers Manual and Teaching Materials website includes teaching guidance, handouts, and sample lessons and diagnostic test (also available online) for pinpointing writing problems Through painstaking editing, The Fourth Edition incorporates new material without increasing the length of the book: a reorganized and updated presentation of research reflects the changes in practice. Exhibits are now included on CD with the book, For easy reference. a new section on legal reading the section on writing memos includes new examples and an additional chapter on writing more sophisticated memos the increased use of Practice Pointers and Questions reflects the latest research on active learning, while the emphasis on teaching underlying structures applies research on transfer of learning new, short sections raise issues relating to professionalism And The role of lawyers the chapter on effective paragraphs And The sections on Legal Writing for English-as-a-Second-Language Students and on bias-free and gender-neutral language are all thoroughly updated new material offers advice on how to avoid procrastination and other writing obstacles An author website to support classroom instruction using this title is available at http://www.aspenlawschool.com/oates_enquist

Table of Contents

Preface	xxxvii
Acknowledgments	xxxix
Book 1: An Introduction to Law	1	(46)
Introduction	3	(2)
The United States Legal System	5	(12)
The Three Branches of Government	6	(6)
The Executive Branch	6	(1)
The Legislative Branch	6	(1)
The Judicial Branch	7	(1)
The Hierarchical Nature of the Court System	7	(2)
The Federal Courts	9	(1)
State Courts	10	(2)
Other Courts	12	(1)
The Relationship Between the Federal and State Governments	12	(3)
A Short History	12	(1)
The Relationship Between Laws Enacted by Congress and Those Enacted by the State Legislatures	13	(1)
The Relationship Between Federal and State Courts	13	(1)
The Relationship Among Federal, State, and Local Prosecutors	14	(1)
A Final Comment	15	(2)
Introduction to Legal Research	17	(12)
The Sources	17	(3)
Sources Containing Primary Authority	17	(1)
Sources Containing Secondary Authority	18	(1)
Finding Tools	19	(1)
Citators	19	(1)
Using Citations to Locate Information in Book and Fee-Based Services	20	(6)
Citations to Constitutional Provisions, Statutes, Regulations, and Court Rules	21	(1)
Constitutional Provisions	21	(1)
Statutes and Regulations	21	(1)
Court Rules	22	(1)
Citations to Cases	23	(1)
Citations to Secondary Authorities	24	(1)
Using the Citations to Find Material in a Book	25	(1)
Using Citations to Find Material on a Free Website or Fee-Based Service Like LexisNexis, Loislaw, VersusLaw, or Westlaw	25	(1)
Step 1: Sign on to Westlaw	25	(1)
Step 2: Type Your Citation in the ``Find by Citation'' Box	26	(1)
Step 3: Save or Print a Copy of the Document	26	(1)
Deciding How Much Weight to Give to a Particular Authority	26	(3)
Which Jurisdiction's Law Applies?	27	(1)
What ``Law'' Will Be Binding on the Court?	27	(2)
Citators	29	(8)
Introduction to Citators	29	(1)
The Book Versions of Shepard's® Citators	30	(1)
KeyCite®	31	(3)
Using KeyCite to Determine Whether a Case Is Good Law	31	(2)
Using KeyCite to Locate Additional Cases and Other Authorities	33	(1)
Using KeyCite to Make Sure That a Statute Is Still Good Law	34	(1)
Other Features	34	(1)
The Online Version of Shepard's	34	(3)
Using Shepard's to Determine Whether a Case Is Good Law	35	(1)
Using Shepard's to Find Citing References	36	(1)
Reading and Analyzing Statutes and Cases	37	(10)
Good Lawyers Are Good Readers	38	(1)
Good Legal Readers Read and Reread Material Until They Are Sure That They Understand It	39	(2)
Good Legal Readers Engage in Both Analysis and Synthesis	41	(1)
Good Legal Readers Place the Statutes and Cases They Read into Their Historical, Social, Economic, Political, and Legal Contexts	42	(1)
Good Legal Readers ``Judge'' the Statutes and Cases They Read	43	(2)
Good Legal Readers Read for a Specific Purpose	45	(1)
Good Legal Readers Understand That Statutes and Cases Can Be Read in More Than One Way	45	(2)
Book 2: Introduction to Legal Research and Objective and Advisory Writing	47	(22)
Introduction	49	(2)
The Objective Memorandum: Its Purpose, Audience, and Format	51	(18)
Example 1: Sample Memo	52	(4)
Example 2: Sample Memo	56	(4)
Example 3: Sample Memo	60	(9)
Part 1: Researching and Writing a Memo Involving State Statutes	69	(124)
Introduction: The Assignment	69	(4)
Researching an Issue Governed by State Statutes	73	(28)
Creating a Research Plan for an Issue Governed by State Statutes	73	(1)
Sources for State Statutory Research	74	(10)
Sources for Background Reading	75	(1)
Practice Manuals and Practice Books	75	(1)
Hornbooks and Nutshells	76	(1)
The Internet	76	(1)
Sources for Statutes	77	(1)
Session Laws	77	(1)
Unannotated Codes	77	(1)
Annotated Codes	78	(1)
Sources for State Regulations	78	(1)
Locating Cases That Have Interpreted or Applied a State Statute	79	(1)
Notes of Decision	79	(1)
Reporters	80	(2)
Sources for Secondary Materials	82	(1)
State Attorney General Opinions	82	(1)
American Law Reports	83	(1)
Law Reviews and Journals	83	(1)
Researching the Service of Process Issue Using Book Sources	84	(8)
Step 1: Background Reading	85	(1)
Step 2: Locating Primary Authority	86	(6)
Step 3: Cite Check to Make Sure That the Cases You Plan to Use Are Still Good Law	92	(1)
Step 4: If Appropriate, Locate Out-of-State Cases, Law Review Articles, or Other Materials That Might Be on Point	92	(1)
Researching the Issue Using Electronic Sources	92	(9)
Step 1: Background Reading	93	(3)
Step 2: Locating the Governing Statute	96	(3)
Step 3: Cite Check to Make Sure That the Cases You Plan to Use Are Still Good Law	99	(1)
Step 4: If Appropriate, Locate State Attorney General's Opinions, Cases from Other Jurisdictions, Law Review Articles, or Other Materials That Might Be on Point	99	(2)
Drafting Memo 1	101	(70)
Understanding What You Have Found	102	(17)
Make Sure You Understand the Big Picture	113	(1)
Make Sure You Understand the Statute	113	(1)
Make Sure You Understand the General and Specific Rules	114	(5)
Drafting the Heading	119	(1)
Drafting the Statement of Facts	120	(6)
Decide What Facts to Include	120	(1)
Legally Significant Facts	120	(2)
Emotionally Significant Facts	122	(1)
Background Facts	122	(1)
Unknown Facts	122	(1)
Select an Organizational Scheme	123	(2)
Present the Facts Accurately and Objectively	125	(1)
Checklist for Critiquing the First Draft of the Statement of Facts	126	(1)
Drafting the Issue Statement, or Question Presented	126	(5)
Decide How Many Issue Statements You Should Have and the Order in Which They Should Be Listed	126	(1)
Select a Format	127	(1)
Reference to Applicable Law	127	(1)
The Legal Question	128	(1)
Legally Significant Facts	129	(1)
Make Your Issue Statement Easy to Read	130	(1)
Checklist for Critiquing the First Draft of the Issue Statement	131	(1)
Drafting the Brief Answer	131	(2)
Include a Brief Answer for Each Issue Statement	131	(1)
Keep Your Brief Answer Short	131	(2)
Checklist for Critiquing the First Draft of the Brief Answer	133	(1)
Organizing the Discussion Section	133	(4)
Select a Template	134	(2)
Modify the Template So That It Works for Your Problem	136	(1)
Drafting the Introductory, or General Rule, Section	137	(6)
Decide What Information You Need and Want to Include in the Introductory Section	138	(1)
Order the Information	138	(1)
Prepare the First Draft	139	(3)
Include a Citation to Authority for Each Rule You Set Out	142	(1)
Raising and Dismissing the Undisputed Elements	143	(3)
Decide Where to Put Your Discussion of the Undisputed Elements	143	(1)
Prepare the First Draft of Your Discussion of the Undisputed Elements	144	(2)
Discussing the Disputed Elements	146	(23)
Set Out the Specific Rules	146	(1)
Describe the Analogous Cases	147	(1)
Identify the Analogous Cases	148	(1)
Sort the Cases	148	(1)
Analyze and Synthesize the Cases	148	(4)
Introduce the Cases	152	(2)
Draft Your Descriptions of the Cases	154	(3)
Draft the Arguments	157	(1)
Identify Each Side's Arguments	157	(4)
Order the Arguments	161	(2)
Drafting the Arguments	163	(4)
Predict How the Court Will Decide the Element	167	(1)
Checklist for Critiquing the Discussion Section	168	(1)
Drafting the Formal Conclusion	169	(2)
Checklist for Critiquing the Conclusion	170	(1)
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading Memo 1	171	(22)
Revise Your Draft	171	(6)
Check Content	172	(1)
Have You Given the Attorney the Information He or She Needs?	172	(1)
Check to Make Sure the Information Is Presented Accurately	172	(1)
Check to Make Sure the Discussion Section Is Well Organized	173	(1)
Check to Make Sure the Connections Are Explicit	174	(1)
Roadmaps	174	(1)
Topic Sentences, Signposts, and Transitions	174	(2)
Dovetailing	176	(1)
Editing and Proofreading	177	(9)
Edit Your Draft	177	(1)
Use the Actor as the Subject of Most Sentences	178	(1)
Passive Constructions	178	(2)
Nominalization	180	(1)
Expletive Constructions	180	(1)
Dangling Modifiers	181	(1)
Keep the Subject and Verb Close Together	182	(1)
Put Old Information at the Beginning of the Sentence and New Information at the End	182	(1)
Vary Sentence Length and Pattern	183	(2)
Proofreading	185	(1)
Citations	185	(1)
Reviewing the Final Draft of the Memo	186	(5)
Reflecting on the Lawyering Process	191	(2)
Part 2: Researching and Writing a Memo Involving State Common Law	193	(90)
Introduction: The Assignment	193	(4)
Researching Issues Governed by Common Law	197	(20)
Are All Cases the Same?	197	(2)
Developing a Research Plan	199	(1)
Sources for Researching Problems Governed by State Common Law	200	(6)
Background Reading	201	(1)
The Internet	201	(1)
Practice Manuals and Books	201	(1)
Hornbooks and Nutshells	202	(1)
Legal Encyclopedias	202	(1)
Finding Tools	202	(1)
Practice Manuals and Books	202	(1)
Digests	203	(1)
Fee-Based Services	203	(1)
Free Internet Sites	204	(1)
Cases	204	(1)
Other Authorities	205	(1)
American Law Reports	205	(1)
Law Reviews and Journals	205	(1)
Example Showing How to Research a Common Law Issue	206	(11)
Step 1: Background Reading	206	(2)
Step 2: Locating Cases	208	(2)
Finding the Cases You Located During Your Background Reading	210	(2)
Using One Case to Find Other Cases	212	(1)
Look Up the Cases That the Court Cites as Authority	212	(1)
Cite Check the Case	212	(1)
Use West's Key Number and ``Most Cited Cases'' Option	213	(1)
Finding Cases Using a ``Terms and Connectors'' Search	214	(2)
Using a Digest to Locate Cases	216	(1)
Step 3: Cite Checking the Cases That You Plan to Use in Your Memo or Brief	216	(1)
Step 4: Locating Other Authorities	216	(1)
Drafting Memo 2	217	(52)
Understanding What You Have Found	217	(7)
Make Sure You Understand the Big Picture	221	(1)
Make Sure You Understand the Common Law Rule and Any Applicable Statutes	221	(1)
Make Sure You Understand the Burden of Proof	222	(1)
Make Sure You Understand the Specific Rules and the Cases That Have Interpreted and Applied Them	222	(2)
Drafting the Heading	224	(1)
Drafting the Statement of Facts	224	(4)
Decide What Facts to Include	224	(1)
Select an Organizational Scheme	225	(3)
Present the Facts Accurately and Objectively	228	(1)
Drafting the Issue Statement	228	(2)
Drafting the Brief Answer	230	(1)
Drafting the Discussion Section	231	(3)
Select a Template	231	(1)
Modify the Template So It Works for Your Problem	232	(2)
Draft the Introductory, or General Rule, Section	234	(5)
Decide What Information You Need in the Introductory Section	234	(2)
Order the Information	236	(1)
Prepare the First Draft	236	(3)
Raising and Dismissing the Undisputed Elements	239	(1)
Discussing Elements That Fall in Between the ``Not in Dispute'' and the ``In Dispute'' Categories	240	(2)
Discussing the Disputed Elements Using the Script Format	242	(12)
Set Out the Specific Rules	242	(1)
Describe the Analogous Cases	243	(1)
Setting Out the Cases in a Separate Analogous Case Section	244	(1)
Integrating the Descriptions of the Analogous Cases into the Arguments	245	(1)
Using Parentheticals	246	(2)
Draft the Argument	248	(1)
Identify Each Side's Arguments	248	(1)
Select an Organizational Scheme	248	(5)
Predict How the Court Will Decide the Element	253	(1)
Organizing the Discussion Section Using an Integrated Format	254	(13)
Use Deductive Rather Than Inductive Reasoning	255	(1)
Present the Information from a Judge's Perspective	255	(1)
Make Sure You Give Appropriate Weight to Each Side's Arguments	256	(1)
Write the Specific Rule Section	256	(2)
Describe the Analogous Cases	258	(1)
Set Out Your Mini-Conclusion/Prediction	259	(2)
The Arguments	261	(6)
Some Final Words About the First Draft	267	(2)
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading Memo 2	269	(14)
Revising for Content and Organization	269	(1)
Editing Your Draft	270	(4)
Write Concisely	270	(1)
Write Precisely	271	(1)
Select the Correct Term	271	(1)
Use Terms Consistently	272	(1)
Make Sure the Subjects and Verbs Go Together	273	(1)
Compare or Contrast Similar Facts	273	(1)
Proofreading the Final Draft	274	(1)
The Final Draft	274	(8)
Checklist for Critiquing Final Draft of Memo	274	(8)
Reflecting on the Lawyering Process	282	(1)
Part 3: Researching and Writing a Memo Involving Federal Law	283	(68)
Introduction: The Assignment	283	(2)
Researching Issues Governed by Federal Statutes and Regulations	285	(26)
Creating a Research Plan for Issues Governed by Federal Statutes	286	(1)
Sources for Federal Statutory Research	287	(12)
Sources for Background Reading	288	(1)
The Internet	288	(1)
Practice Manuals	289	(1)
Hornbooks and Nutshells	289	(1)
Legal Encyclopedias	290	(1)
Sources for Federal Statutes and Regulations	290	(1)
Session Laws	290	(1)
Unannotated Codes	291	(1)
Annotated Codes	291	(1)
Federal Regulations	292	(1)
Sources for Cases That Have Interpreted or Applied a Federal Statute or Regulation	292	(1)
Finding Tools	292	(2)
Reporters	294	(1)
Sources for Legislative Histories	295	(1)
Summaries	296	(1)
Compiled Legislative Histories	297	(1)
Sources for Assembling Your Own Legislative History	297	(1)
Sources for Additional Secondary Authority	297	(1)
Law Reviews and Law Journals	297	(1)
American Law Reports, Federal	298	(1)
Looseleaf Services	298	(1)
Researching the Mens Rea Issue	299	(12)
Step 1: Do Background Reading	299	(1)
Use Google to Locate Information About the AEDPA and 2339B	299	(1)
Look for Law Review Articles That Discuss the AEDPA and 2339B	300	(1)
If Your Background Reading Indicates That There Is No Mandatory Authority, Create a Research Template	300	(1)
Step 2: Locating Mandatory Authority	301	(1)
Locate the Applicable Version of the Statute	302	(1)
Check the Status	302	(1)
Check to See When the Website Was Last Updated	303	(1)
Read and Analyze the Statute	303	(1)
Locate United States Supreme Court and Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals Decisions	304	(1)
Step 3: Locate Persuasive Authority	305	(1)
Locate Cases from Other Circuits and from District Courts That Discuss Section 2339B and Intent	305	(3)
Research 2339B's Legislative History	308	(1)
Locating Documents Cited in Another Source	308	(1)
Using the Public Law Number, Look for a Compiled Legislative History for the 1996 Version of Section 2339B in Either the Book or Electronic Version of USCCAN	309	(1)
Construct Your Own Legislative History	309	(1)
Locate Law Review Articles That Discuss U.S.C. § 2339B	309	(1)
A.L.R. Fed	310	(1)
Drafting a Prehearing Memo	311	(30)
Drafting the Heading or the Caption	312	(1)
Drafting the Introduction or the Nature of Case Section	313	(1)
Drafting the Statement of Facts and Procedural History	313	(2)
Drafting the Issue Statement and Short Answer	315	(2)
Drafting the Issue Statement	315	(2)
Drafting the Short Answer	317	(1)
Organizing the Discussion Section	317	(5)
Drafting the Discussion or Analysis: The Introductory Section	322	(3)
The Discussion or Analysis: Identifying, Setting Out, and Evaluating the Arguments	325	(16)
Identify the Arguments	325	(1)
Identifying and Presenting Plain Language Arguments	326	(5)
Identifying, Setting Out, and Evaluating Legislative History Arguments	331	(3)
Identifying, Setting Out, and Evaluating Arguments Based on Case Law	334	(3)
Identifying, Setting Out, and Evaluating Policy Arguments	337	(4)
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading a Prehearing Memo	341	(10)
Revising	341	(2)
Did You Answer the Question the Judge Asked?	341	(1)
Did You Give the Judge the Information He or She Needs -- Nothing More and Nothing Less?	342	(1)
Did You Use the Format and Tone the Judge Prefers?	342	(1)
Did You Use an Organizational Scheme That Makes Sense Not Only to You But Also to the Judge?	342	(1)
Have You Included Reader-Friendly Roadmaps, Signposts, and Transitions?	342	(1)
Editing	343	(3)
Write Effective Sentences	343	(2)
Use Language Precisely	345	(1)
Edit Out the Extra Sentences, Clauses, Phrases, and Words	345	(1)
Revising and Editing for Style	346	(1)
Proofreading	347	(3)
Reflecting on the Process	350	(1)
Sample Memos	350	(1)
Part 4: Drafting Letters to Clients	351	(24)
Introduction: The Assignment	351	(2)
Researching Issues Governed by County and City Ordinances	353	(6)
Introduction to County and City Government	354	(1)
Creating a Research Plan for an Issue Governed by County or City Ordinances	354	(1)
Sources for Researching Issues Governed by City and County Ordinances	355	(1)
Charters	355	(1)
Ordinances	356	(1)
Other County and City Documents	356	(1)
Researching the Signage Issue	356	(3)
Drafting, Revising, and Editing the Opinion Letter	359	(16)
Know Your Audience and Your Purpose	360	(1)
The Audience for an Opinion Letter	360	(1)
The Purpose of an Opinion Letter	360	(1)
Prepare the First Draft of the Letter	361	(4)
The Introductory Paragraph	362	(1)
Statement of the Issue	362	(1)
Opinion	363	(1)
Summary of the Facts	363	(1)
Explanation	364	(1)
Advice	364	(1)
Concluding Paragraph	365	(1)
Warnings	365	(1)
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading the Opinion Letter	365	(3)
Writing a Well-Written Letter	365	(1)
Using an Appropriate Tone	366	(1)
Checklist for Critiquing the Opinion Letter	367	(1)
Sample Client Letters	368	(7)
Book 3: Introduction to Persuasive Writing and Oral Advocacy	375	(174)
Introduction	377	(2)
Writing a Trial Brief	379	(62)
Motion Briefs	379	(1)
Audience	379	(1)
Purpose	380	(1)
Conventions	380	(1)
State v. Patterson	380	(1)
Developing a Theory of the Case	380	(7)
The Caption	387	(1)
The Statement of Facts	387	(10)
Select the Facts	387	(1)
Background Facts	387	(1)
Legally Significant Facts	387	(1)
Emotionally Significant Facts	388	(1)
Select an Organizational Scheme	388	(1)
Present the Facts	388	(1)
Create a Favorable Context	389	(1)
Tell the Story from the Client's Point of View	390	(1)
Emphasize the Facts That Support Your Theory of the Case, and De-emphasize Those That Do Not	391	(1)
Airtime	391	(1)
Detail	392	(1)
Positions of Emphasis	393	(1)
Sentence Length	394	(1)
Active and Passive Voice	395	(1)
Dependent and Main Clauses	395	(1)
Choose Your Words Carefully	396	(1)
Checklist for Critiquing the Statement of Facts	396	(1)
Drafting the Issue Statement	397	(4)
Select the Lens	397	(1)
Select a Format	398	(1)
Make Your Issue Statement Subtly Persuasive	399	(1)
Checklist for Critiquing the Issue Statement	400	(1)
Ordering the Issues and Arguments	401	(1)
Present the Issues and Arguments in a Logical Order	401	(1)
Decide Which Issues and Arguments Should Be Presented First	402	(1)
Drafting the Argumentative Headings	402	(5)
Use Your Argumentative Headings to Define the Structure of the Arguments	402	(1)
Use Your Argumentative Headings to Persuade	403	(1)
Make Your Headings Readable	404	(1)
Follow the Conventions: Number, Placement, and Typefaces	405	(1)
Checklist for Critiquing the Argumentative Headings	406	(1)
Drafting the Arguments	407	(14)
Identify Your Assertions and Your Support for Those Assertions	407	(1)
Setting Out Your Assertion	407	(1)
Supporting Your Assertion	407	(2)
Select an Organizational Scheme	409	(3)
Present the Rules in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client	412	(4)
Present the Cases in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client	416	(1)
Present the Arguments in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client	417	(1)
Present Your Own Arguments First	417	(1)
Give the Most Airtime to Your Own Arguments	418	(1)
Use Language That Strengthens Your Arguments and Undermines the Other Side's	419	(1)
Use the Same Persuasive Techniques You Used in Setting Out the Facts, Issues, Rules, and Analogous Cases	419	(1)
Checklist for Critiquing the Argument	420	(1)
The Prayer for Relief	421	(1)
Signing the Brief	421	(20)
Writing an Appellate Brief	441	(92)
Practicing Before an Appellate Court	442	(2)
Types of Appellate Review	442	(1)
Scope of Review	442	(1)
The Notice of Appeal or Notice for Discretionary Review	443	(1)
The Record on Appeal	443	(1)
Types of Briefs	444	(1)
Understanding Your Audience, Your Purpose, and the Conventions	444	(3)
Audience	444	(1)
Purpose	445	(1)
Conventions	445	(2)
Getting the Case: State v. Strong	447	(2)
Preparing to Write the Brief	449	(4)
Reviewing the Record for Error	449	(1)
Selecting the Issues on Appeal	450	(1)
Was There an Error?	450	(1)
Was the Error Preserved?	451	(1)
Was the Error Harmless?	451	(1)
What Is the Standard of Review?	451	(1)
Preparing an Abstract of the Record	452	(1)
Preparing the Record on Appeal	453	(1)
Researching the Issues on Appeal	453	(1)
Planning the Brief	454	(4)
Analyzing the Facts and the Law	454	(1)
Developing a Theory of the Case	455	(1)
Selecting an Organizational Scheme	456	(1)
Deciding on the Number of Issues and Headings	456	(2)
Ordering the Issues and Arguments	458	(1)
Preparing the Cover	458	(1)
Preparing the Table of Contents	459	(1)
Preparing the Table of Authorities	459	(1)
Drafting the Assignments of Error	459	(1)
Drafting the Issues Pertaining to Assignment of Error	460	(4)
Select a Format	461	(1)
Make the Issue Statement Subtly Persuasive	462	(1)
State the Question So That It Suggests the Conclusion You Want to the Court to Reach	462	(1)
Emphasize the Facts That Support Your Theory of the Case	462	(1)
Emphasize or De-emphasize the Standard of Review	463	(1)
Make Sure the Issue Statement Is Readable	463	(1)
Drafting the Statement of the Case	464	(12)
Check the Rules	464	(1)
Draft the Procedural History	465	(1)
Select the Facts	465	(1)
Legally Significant Facts	465	(1)
Emotionally Significant Facts	466	(1)
Background Facts	466	(1)
Select an Organizational Scheme	466	(1)
Present the Facts in the Light Most Favorable to the Client	466	(1)
Create a Favorable Context	467	(1)
Tell the Story from the Client's Point of View	468	(1)
Emphasize Those Facts That Support Your Theory of the Case and De-emphasize Those That Do Not	469	(1)
Airtime	469	(1)
Detail	470	(1)
Positions of Emphasis	471	(2)
Sentence Length	473	(1)
Sentence Construction	473	(1)
Active and Passive Voice	473	(1)
Choose Your Words Carefully	474	(1)
Be Subtly Persuasive	475	(1)
Drafting the Summary of the Argument	476	(1)
Drafting the Argumentative Headings	477	(5)
Use the Argumentative Headings to Provide the Court with an Outline of the Argument	477	(1)
Use the Argumentative Headings to Persuade	477	(1)
Write Your Headings as Positive Assertions	477	(1)
Provide Support for Your Assertions	478	(1)
Make the Headings as Specific as Possible	479	(1)
Make Your Headings Readable	480	(1)
Use the Same Persuasive Techniques You Used in Drafting the Issue Statements and Statement of Facts	480	(1)
Use the Conventional Formats for Headings	481	(1)
Drafting the Arguments	482	(18)
Knowing What You Need, and Want, to Argue	482	(1)
Selecting an Organizational Scheme	483	(6)
Presenting the Rules, Descriptions of Analogous Cases, and Arguments in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client	489	(1)
Present the Rule in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client	489	(2)
Present the Cases in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client	491	(4)
Present the Arguments Effectively	495	(1)
Make Clear How the Rules and Cases Apply to Your Case	495	(1)
Don't Ignore the Weaknesses That Are Inherent in Your Argument	496	(1)
Don't Overlook Good Arguments	497	(1)
Respond to Your Opponent's Arguments but Do Not Emphasize Them	498	(2)
Drafting the Conclusion or Prayer for Relief	500	(1)
Preparing the Signature Block	500	(1)
Preparing the Appendix	500	(1)
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading	501	(32)
Oral Advocacy	533	(16)
Audience	533	(1)
Purpose	534	(1)
Preparing for Oral Argument	534	(2)
Deciding What to Argue	534	(1)
Preparing an Outline	534	(1)
Practicing the Argument	535	(1)
Reviewing the Facts and the Law	535	(1)
Organizing Your Materials	535	(1)
Notes or Outline	535	(1)
The Briefs	535	(1)
The Record	535	(1)
The Law	536	(1)
Courtroom Procedures and Etiquette	536	(1)
Seating	536	(1)
Before the Case Is Called	536	(1)
Courtroom Etiquette	536	(1)
Appropriate Dress	537	(1)
Making the Argument	537	(5)
Introductions	537	(1)
Opening	538	(1)
Statement of the Issues	538	(1)
The Moving Party	538	(1)
The Responding Party	538	(1)
Summary of Facts	539	(1)
The Moving Party	539	(1)
The Responding Party	539	(1)
References to the Record	539	(1)
The Argument	539	(1)
Answering Questions	540	(1)
The Closing	541	(1)
Rebuttal	541	(1)
Delivering the Argument	542	(1)
Do Not Read Your Argument	542	(1)
Maintain Eye Contact	542	(1)
Do Not Slouch, Rock, or Put Your Hands in Your Pockets	542	(1)
Limit Your Gestures and Avoid Distracting Mannerisms	543	(1)
Speak So That You Can Be Easily Understood	543	(1)
Making Your Argument Persuasive	543	(1)
Handling the Problems	543	(2)
Counsel Has Misstated Facts or Law	544	(1)
You Make a Mistake	544	(1)
You Don't Have Enough Time	544	(1)
You Have Too Much Time	544	(1)
You Don't Know the Answer to a Question	544	(1)
You Don't Understand the Question	545	(1)
You Become Flustered or Draw a Blank	545	(1)
You're Asked to Concede a Point	545	(1)
A Final Note	545	(4)
Checklist for Critiquing the Oral Argument	545	(4)
Book 4: A Guide to Effective and Correct Writing	549	(4)
Introduction	551	(2)
Part 1: A Guide to Effective Writing	553	(156)
Introduction	553	(2)
Effective Writing --- The Whole Paper	555	(22)
The Psychology of Writing	555	(2)
Outlines, Writing Plans, and Ordered Lists	557	(8)
Read It All; Mull It Over	558	(1)
Don't Overlook the Obvious Ways to Organize	558	(1)
Find Order Using a Three-Column Chart	558	(3)
Organize with Index Cards or Post-It Notes	561	(1)
Try a Tree-Branching Diagram	561	(2)
Talk to a Colleague	563	(1)
Try a New Analogy or Format	564	(1)
Consider Your Reader, Your Purpose, and How You View the Case	565	(1)
Drafting the Document	565	(4)
Give Yourself Optimum Writing Conditions	565	(1)
Trick Yourself into Getting Started	565	(1)
Write First What You Know Best	566	(1)
``Get the Juices Flowing''	566	(1)
Take It One Step at a Time	566	(1)
Reward Yourself	566	(1)
Defeat Procrastination	567	(2)
Revising	569	(2)
Develop a Revision Checklist	569	(1)
Write an After-the-Fact Outline	570	(1)
Do a Self-Critique	570	(1)
Check for Unity and Coherence	571	(1)
Editing	571	(1)
Proofreading	572	(1)
Myths About Writing	573	(4)
Connections Between Paragraphs	577	(6)
Headings	577	(2)
Roadmaps and Signposts	579	(4)
Roadmaps	579	(2)
Signposts	581	(2)
Effective Paragraphs	583	(18)
The Function of a Paragraph	583	(1)
Paragraph Patterns	584	(1)
Unity and Coherence in Paragraphs	585	(4)
Paragraph Unity	585	(1)
Paragraph Coherence	586	(1)
Using Familiar Organizational Patterns	586	(1)
Using Key Terms	587	(1)
Using Sentence Structure and Other Coherence Devices	588	(1)
Paragraph Length	589	(2)
Topic and Concluding Sentences	591	(5)
Stated Topic Sentences	591	(3)
Implied Topic Sentences	594	(1)
Concluding Sentences	595	(1)
Paragraph Blocks	596	(5)
Connections Between Sentences	601	(16)
Generic Transitions	601	(5)
Using Generic Transitions	601	(3)
Problems with Generic Transitions	604	(2)
Orienting Transitions	606	(2)
Substantive Transitions	608	(9)
The Structure of Substantive Transitions	608	(4)
The Content of Substantive Transitions	612	(1)
Bridging the Gap Between Law and Application	613	(1)
Applying Another Court's Rationale	614	(1)
Gathering Together Several Facts	614	(1)
Bridging the Gap Between Sections of a Document	615	(2)
Effective Sentences	617	(28)
Active and Passive Voice	617	(5)
Identifying Active and Passive Voice	617	(1)
Effective Use of Active Voice	618	(2)
Effective Use of Passive Voice	620	(2)
Concrete Subjects	622	(1)
Action Verbs	623	(2)
Distance Between Subjects and Verbs	625	(2)
Sentence Length	627	(4)
The Reader	627	(2)
The Context	629	(2)
The Power of the Short Sentence	631	(1)
Emphasis	631	(9)
Telling the Reader What Is Important	632	(1)
Underlining	632	(1)
Using Positions of Emphasis	633	(2)
Using Punctuation for Emphasis	635	(2)
Using Single-Word Emphasizers	637	(1)
Changing the Normal Word Order	638	(1)
Repeating Key Words	639	(1)
Setting Up a Pattern	639	(1)
Variation: Deliberately Breaking a Pattern	640	(1)
Sentence Structures That Highlight Similarities or Differences	640	(5)
Effective Words	645	(48)
Diction and Precision	645	(12)
Colloquial Language	647	(1)
The Reader's Expectations and Idioms	647	(1)
Not-Really-Synonymous Synonyms	648	(1)
The Same Term for the Same Idea	649	(1)
Precise Comparisons	650	(1)
Subject-Verb-Object Mismatch	651	(5)
Grammatical Ambiguities	656	(1)
Conciseness	657	(14)
Don't State the Obvious	657	(1)
Don't Start Too Far Back	658	(1)
Don't Overuse Quotations	659	(1)
Create a Strong Subject-Verb Unit	660	(1)
Avoid Throat-Clearing Expressions	661	(2)
Don't Use Pompous Language	663	(1)
Don't Repeat Yourself Needlessly	663	(3)
Clean Out the Clutter	666	(1)
Focus and Combine	667	(3)
Avoid Excessive Conciseness	670	(1)
Plain English Versus Legalese	671	(10)
Archaic Word Choice	673	(2)
Foreign Phrases	675	(2)
Use of Terms of Art and Argot	677	(1)
Use of ``Said'' and ``Such'' as Adjectives	677	(1)
Omission of the Article ``The''	678	(1)
Avoidance of First-Person and Second-Person Pronouns	678	(3)
Gender-Neutral Language	681	(4)
Generic Use of ``Man''	681	(1)
Generic Use of ``He''	682	(1)
Revise the Sentence So That the Antecedent and Its Pronoun Are Plural	682	(1)
Revise the Sentence So That a Pronoun Is Not Needed	682	(1)
Replace the Masculine Noun and Pronoun with ``One,'' ``Your,'' or ``He or She'' as Appropriate	682	(1)
Repeat the Noun Rather Than Use an Inappropriate Masculine Pronoun	683	(1)
Gender-Neutral Job Titles	683	(1)
Sexist Modifiers	684	(1)
Other Sexist Language	684	(1)
Bias-Free Language	685	(8)
Avoid Irrelevant Minority References	686	(1)
Stay Abreast of the Preferred Terminology	686	(1)
Prefer Self-Chosen Labels	687	(1)
Choose Precise, Accurate Terms	688	(1)
Whenever Possible, Prefer the Specific Term over the General Term	689	(1)
Prefer Terms That Describe What People Are Rather Than What They Are Not	690	(1)
Notice That a Term's Connotations May Change as the Part of Speech Changes	690	(1)
In Selecting Terms, Emphasize the Person over the Difference	690	(1)
Avoid Terms That Are Patronizing or Overly Euphemistic or That Paint People as Victims	691	(2)
Eloquence	693	(16)
Purple Prose	694	(1)
Common Features of Eloquent Writing	695	(14)
Alliteration and Assonance	695	(2)
Cadence	697	(2)
Variety in Sentence Length	699	(2)
Variety in Sentence Openers	701	(1)
Parallelism	702	(3)
Onomatopoeia	705	(1)
Simile and Metaphor	705	(1)
Personification	706	(3)
Part 2: Guide to Correct Writing	709	(114)
Introduction	709	(2)
Grammar	711	(42)
Basic Sentence Grammar	711	(9)
Sentence Patterns	711	(3)
Single-Word Modifiers	714	(1)
Phrases	714	(1)
Gerunds	715	(1)
Participles	715	(1)
Infinitives	716	(1)
Absolutes	716	(1)
Clauses	716	(1)
Appositives	717	(1)
Connecting Words	718	(1)
Coordinating Conjunctions	718	(1)
Correlative Conjunctions	719	(1)
Conjunctive Adverbs	719	(1)
Fragments	720	(4)
Main Verb Missing	720	(1)
Subordinate Clauses Trying to Pose as Sentences	721	(1)
Permissible Uses of Incomplete Sentences	722	(1)
In Issue Statements Beginning with ``Whether''	723	(1)
As Answers to Questions	723	(1)
In Exclamations or Exact Quotations	723	(1)
For Stylistic Effect	723	(1)
As Transitions	724	(1)
Verb Tense and Mood	724	(5)
Tense	724	(3)
Mood	727	(2)
Agreement	729	(10)
Subject-Verb Agreement	729	(6)
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement	735	(4)
Pronoun Reference	739	(3)
Each Pronoun Should Clearly Refer Back to Its Antecedent	739	(1)
Avoid the Use of ``It,'' ``This,'' ``That,'' ``Such,'' and ``Which'' to Refer Broadly to a General Idea in a Preceding Sentence	740	(1)
Pronouns Should Refer Back to Nouns, Not to Adjectives	741	(1)
Modifiers	742	(5)
Misplaced Modifiers	742	(2)
Dangling Modifiers	744	(2)
Squinting Modifiers	746	(1)
Parallelism	747	(6)
Punctuation	753	(52)
The Comma	753	(24)
Critical Commas: Those That Affect Meaning and Clarity	756	(8)
Basic Commas: Those That Educated Readers Expect	764	(7)
Esoteric Commas: Those That Are Required in Sophisticated Sentence Structures	771	(2)
Unnecessary Commas: Those That Should Be Omitted	773	(4)
The Semicolon	777	(3)
Use of the Semicolon with ``Yet'' or ``So''	779	(1)
Use of the Semicolon with Coordinating Conjunctions	780	(1)
Use of the Semicolon with Citations	780	(1)
The Colon	780	(2)
The Apostrophe	782	(3)
Other Marks of Punctuation	785	(15)
Quotation Marks	785	(1)
Identification of Another's Written or Spoken Words	785	(2)
Block Quotations	787	(1)
Effective Lead-ins for Quotations	787	(2)
Quotations Within Quotations	789	(1)
Quotation Marks with Other Marks of Punctuation	789	(1)
Other Uses for Quotations Marks	789	(1)
Ellipses	790	(3)
Brackets	793	(1)
Parentheses	794	(1)
To Enclose Short Explanations of Cases Within Citations	794	(1)
To Refer Readers to Attached or Appended Documents	794	(1)
To Confirm Numbers	795	(1)
To Enclose Numerals That Introduce the Individual Items in a List	795	(1)
To Announce Changes to a Quotation That Cannot Be Shown by Ellipses or Brackets	795	(1)
To Introduce Abbreviations After a Full Name Is Given	796	(1)
The Hyphen	796	(3)
The Dash	799	(1)
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	800	(5)
Comma Splices	800	(2)
Fused Sentences	802	(3)
Mechanics	805	(18)
Spelling	805	(1)
Capitalization	806	(9)
General Rules	806	(1)
Beginning of a Sentence	806	(1)
Quotations	806	(1)
Sentences Following a Colon	807	(1)
Proper Nouns and Adjectives	808	(4)
Headings	812	(1)
Miscellaneous Rules for Capitalization	812	(3)
Abbreviations and Symbols	815	(3)
General Rules for Abbreviations	816	(1)
Miscellaneous Rules for Abbreviation	816	(1)
Inappropriate Abbreviations	817	(1)
General Rules for Symbols	818	(1)
Italics	818	(2)
Conventions of Formal Writing	820	(3)
Use of First-Person Pronouns	820	(1)
Use of Contractions	821	(1)
Use of Numbers	821	(1)
Use of Questions and Exclamations	821	(2)
Book 5: Legal Writing for English-as-a-Second-Language Students	823	(58)
Introduction	825	(2)
Legal Writing for ESL Law Students	827	(54)
Grammar Rules for Non-Native Speakers of English	827	(23)
Articles	827	(1)
``A'' and ``An''	828	(4)
``The''	832	(5)
Verbs	837	(1)
Verbs with Auxiliary, or Helping, Verbs	837	(3)
Verb Tense in Conditional Sentences	840	(1)
Verb Tense in Speculative Sentences	841	(1)
Verbs Plus Gerunds, Infinitives, or Objects	842	(5)
Two- or Three-Word Verbs	847	(1)
Prepositions	848	(1)
Prepositions That Follow Verbs Commonly Used in Law	848	(1)
Prepositions That Follow Adjectives Commonly Used in Law	849	(1)
Prepositions That Follow Nouns Commonly Used in Law	850	(1)
Prepositions in Idioms	850	(1)
Rhetorical Preferences in Writing	850	(31)
Cultural Assumptions About Readers and the Purposes for Writing	851	(1)
Assumptions and Expectations in the United States and in the United States Legal Culture	852	(5)
Assumptions and Expectations in Other Cultures	857	(3)
Culturally Determined Patterns in Writing	860	(1)
Preferences in the United States	860	(1)
Preferences in Other Cultures	860	(2)
Conciseness Versus Repetition	862	(1)
Preferences in the United States	862	(1)
Preferences in Other Cultures	863	(1)
Some Final Thoughts	863	(18)
Glossary of Usage	881	(8)
Glossary of Terms	889	(14)
Index	903