Leisure Services in Canada : An Introduction

by Searle, Mark S.; Brayley, Russell E.

• ISBN13: 9781892132116
• ISBN10: 1892132117
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-06-01
• Publisher: Venture Pub

Summary

Revised and updated, this in-depth assessment of the unique history, background and issues of Canada and its citizens that concern leisure services is the introductory textbook for recreation and leisure studies students who intend to pursue their careers in Canada. Unit I covers the history of leisure and leisure services, the important concepts and related issues, the philosophical foundations, and dimensions of leisure behaviour prevalent in Canadian society. Unit II explains the public, voluntary (private) and commercial subsystems of the leisure service delivery system in Canada. Unit III addresses a range of topics that are important to the leisure service delivery system in Canada including travel and tourism, providing services for people with special needs, outdoor recreation, the significance of leisure across the life span, and programming issues. The final unit, Unit IV, examines the development of the leisure professions, and the challenges and changes that might affect, or be affected by, leisure services.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	vii
About the Authors	ix
List of Figures	ixx
List of Tables	xx
Unit I---Foundations of Leisure in Canadian Society
An Introduction
Where Has All the Leisure Gone?	3	(1)
Leisure: A Growth Industry	4	(1)
Leisure and the Environment	5	(1)
Leisure as an Instrument of Government	5	(1)
Why Study Leisure?	6	(1)
Previewing the Text	7	(2)
Summary	9	(1)
References	10	(1)
Perspectives on the Past
Overview	11	(1)
Perspectives on the Past	12	(1)
Leisure in Ancient Times	12	(1)
Leisure in Medieval Europe	13	(1)
Leisure in Pre-Confederation North America	14	(1)
Leisure in Post-Confederation North America	15	(3)
Leisure in Young Canada	18	(4)
1900-1920	19	(2)
1920-1940	21	(1)
Leisure in Post-War Canada	22	(6)
1960-1970	24	(2)
1970-Present	26	(2)
The Future	28	(2)
Study Questions	30	(1)
References	31	(2)
Concepts and Philosophical Underpinnings
Overview	33	(1)
In Search of Meaning	34	(1)
Looking for Leisure (in All the Right Places!)	35	(1)
From State of Being to State of Mind	36	(1)
A Good Time or an Activity?	37	(2)
So, What is Leisure?	39	(1)
If That's Leisure, What is Recreation?	40	(2)
The Play's the Thing!	42	(1)
Sport: Where Does it Fit?	42	(6)
Work, Work, Work: Can it Be Leisure?	48	(1)
A Philosophy of Leisure?	49	(5)
Pragmatism	49	(1)
Idealism	50	(2)
Realism	52	(1)
Humanism	53	(1)
Existentialism	54	(1)
Summary	54	(1)
Study Questions	55	(1)
References	56	(3)
Dimensions of Leisure Behaviour
Overview	59	(1)
Dimensions of Leisure Behaviour	60	(1)
Leisure Participation	60	(5)
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Leisure Participation	62	(1)
Gender	63	(1)
Social Psychological Factors Affecting Leisure Participation	64	(1)
Leisure Repertoire	65	(1)
Factors That Influence Leisure Repertoire	65	(1)
Leisure Motivation	65	(2)
Leisure as Boredom	66	(1)
Leisure Attitudes	67	(1)
Leisure Satisfaction	68	(2)
Constraints on Leisure	70	(2)
Summary	72	(2)
Study Questions	74	(1)
References	75	(6)
Unit II---The Leisure Service Delivery System
The Public Sector
Overview	81	(1)
The Public Sector	82	(1)
Federal Government Activities	83	(4)
Health Canada: Fitness and Active Living	83	(2)
Canadian Heritage	85	(1)
Industry Canada: Canadian Tourism Commission	86	(1)
Other Federal Government Units	87	(1)
Provincial Government Activities	87	(2)
Municipal Government Activities	89	(1)
The Roles of Government in Public Leisure Service Delivery	90	(2)
Developing a National Policy on Recreation	92	(2)
Sport, Recreation, and the Public Sector	94	(1)
Financing Public Recreation	94	(3)
Approaches to Municipal Leisure Service Delivery	97	(1)
Summary	98	(1)
Study Questions	99	(1)
References	100	(1)
Volunteers and the Voluntary Sector
Overview	101	(1)
Volunteers and the Voluntary Sector	102	(1)
Volunteering in Canada	103	(5)
What Do Volunteers Do?	104	(1)
Recipients of Volunteer Efforts	105	(1)
Demographics of Canadian Volunteers	105	(1)
The Motives of Volunteers	106	(2)
Sectarian and Non-Sectarian Voluntary Organisations	108	(1)
Volunteers in Leisure, Recreation and Sport Organisations	109	(2)
Are There Benefits to the Volunteer?	110	(1)
Voluntary Organisations in Leisure and Recreation	111	(5)
Cultural Organisations	114	(1)
Other Components of the Voluntary Sector	114	(2)
Financing the Voluntary Sector	116	(2)
Challenges Facing Volunteer Agencies	118	(2)
Summary	120	(1)
Study Questions	121	(1)
References	122	(3)
The Commercial Sector
Overview	125	(1)
The Commercial Sector	126	(1)
Commercial Recreation Defined	126	(1)
Entrepreneurship in Commercial Recreation	127	(1)
The Scope of Commercial Recreation in Canada	128	(3)
Organisational Structures in Commercial Recreation	131	(1)
Commercial Recreation and Public Policy	132	(2)
Pursuing a Carrer in Commercial Recreation	134	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
Study Questions	136	(1)
References	137	(4)
Unit III---Special Areas of Interest in Leisure Services
Recreational Travel and Tourism
Overview	141	(1)
Recreational Travel and Tourism	142	(1)
Definition of Tourism	142	(5)
Definition of a Tourist	143	(1)
Recreation and Tourism Compared	143	(4)
Why Do People Travel?	147	(1)
The Scope of Tourism Activity in Canada	148	(2)
Tourism and the Recreation Service Provider	150	(1)
Modern Vacation Behaviour	151	(1)
Destination Development in the Great White North	152	(1)
Snowbirds	153	(1)
Tourism and Canada's International Image	154	(1)
Summary	155	(1)
Study Questions	156	(1)
References	157	(2)
Recreation for Persons with Special Needs
Overview	159	(1)
Recreation for Persons with Special Needs	160	(1)
Terminology	160	(3)
Special Needs/Special Populations	160	(1)
Disability/Handicap	161	(1)
Special Recreation/Adapted Recreation	161	(1)
Therapeutic Recreation	162	(1)
The History of Recreation Services for Individuals with Special Needs: A National Perspective	163	(2)
Contemporary Cornerstones of Services for Individuals with Special Needs	165	(4)
Self-Determination and Self-Advocacy	166	(1)
Normalisation and Social Role Valorisation	167	(1)
Recreation Integration	168	(1)
Service Delivery Models	169	(9)
Community-Based Recreation Programs	169	(4)
Clinical Therapeutic Recreation Programs	173	(2)
Community-Based Disabled Sport Programs	175	(2)
National Recreation Advocacy/Co-ordination System	177	(1)
Intervention Strategies	178	(3)
Leisure Education	178	(1)
Leisure Counselling	179	(1)
Activity Analysis	179	(1)
Wilderness Adventure Programs	180	(1)
Activity-Based Therapies	180	(1)
Other Interventions	181	(1)
What of the New Millennium?	181	(1)
Summary	182	(1)
Study Questions	183	(1)
References	184	(5)
Outdoor Recreation
Overview	189	(1)
The Nature of Outdoor Recreation	190	(3)
The Outdoor Recreation Experience	190	(1)
The Benefits of Outdoor Recreation	191	(2)
The Delivery of Outdoor Recreation Services in Canada	193	(8)
Community/Municipal Government Systems	193	(2)
Provincial and Territorial Government Systems	195	(1)
Federal Government Systems	196	(3)
First Nations or Aboriginal Government Involvement	199	(2)
The Management of Natural Areas for Recreation	201	(3)
Management Strategies for Natural Areas and Recreation	201	(3)
Outdoor Recreation Programming	204	(9)
Residential Camping, Ecotours and Adventure Activities	204	(2)
Outdoor Leadership Development Activities	206	(2)
Outdoor Education and Interpretation Activities	208	(5)
The Future of Outdoor Recreation and Outdoor Education	213	(2)
Summary	215	(2)
Study Questions	217	(1)
References	218	(3)
Leisure Across the Life Span
Overview	221	(1)
The Changing Face of Canada	222	(1)
Some Different Perspectives of Life Span Development	223	(1)
Some Theoretical Underpinnings	224	(2)
Life Course Perspectives on Leisure	226	(5)
Preparation Stage	228	(1)
Establishment Phase	229	(1)
Culmination Stage	230	(1)
Critical Questions and Issues	231	(2)
Study Questions	233	(1)
References	234	(5)
Programming Recreational Services
Overview	239	(1)
Programming Recreational Services	240	(1)
Why Do We Need to Plan Recreation Programs?	241	(1)
Evolution of Recreation Program Planning	242	(3)
Compensation, Balanced Diet, and Cafeteria: Early Models of Recreation Programming	242	(2)
From Direct Service to Facilitation	244	(1)
Theoretical Basis of Recreation Programming	245	(2)
Symbolic Interactionism	245	(1)
Social Exchange Theory	246	(1)
Optimal Experience	247	(1)
Leisure Education	247	(2)
Issues in Recreation Programming	249	(4)
Equity in Program Service Provision	249	(1)
The Role of the Agency's Philosophy in Programming	250	(1)
Defining the Leisure Products	250	(1)
Need for Strong Research	251	(1)
Changing Demography	252	(1)
Services to Persons with Disabilities	253	(1)
Summary	253	(1)
Study Questions	254	(1)
References	255	(4)
Unit IV---What's Facing the Profession?
The State of the Profession
Overview	259	(1)
The State of the Profession	260	(1)
From Social Movement to Profession	260	(2)
What Is a Profession?	261	(1)
The Debate	261	(1)
Associations of Leisure Service Practitioners and Volunteers in Canada	262	(7)
Canadian Parks/Recreation Association (CP/RA)	263	(1)
Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (CAPHERD)	264	(1)
Canadian Intramural Recreation Association (CIRA)	265	(1)
Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute (CFLRI)	265	(1)
Canadian Association for Leisure Studies (CALS)	266	(1)
Provincial Associations for Leisure Practitioners and Volunteers	267	(2)
International Associations for Leisure	269	(3)
American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD)	269	(1)
National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA)	270	(1)
Travel-Related Associations	270	(1)
World Leisure and Recreation Association (WLRA)	270	(1)
University and College Education in Leisure Services	271	(1)
Summary	272	(1)
Study Questions	273	(1)
References	274	(1)
Issues
Overview	275	(1)
Issues	276	(1)
The Ageing Population	276	(2)
The Family	278	(1)
Working Mothers	279	(1)
The Poor	280	(2)
Unemployment/Underemployment	282	(1)
Dependency	283	(1)
Crime and Violence	283	(1)
Multiculturalism and Racial Intolerance	284	(2)
Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development	286	(1)
Health	287	(1)
Constitutional Reform and Political Upheaval	287	(1)
Aboriginal Peoples	288	(1)
Rural Depopulation	289	(1)
Fiscal Limitations	289	(1)
Technology	290	(2)
Expectations of Government	292	(1)
Planning for the Future	292	(2)
Summary	294	(1)
Study Questions	295	(1)
References	296