Let's Review Chemistry

by Tarendash, Albert S.

• ISBN13: 9780764134319
• ISBN10: 0764134310
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-08-01
• Publisher: Barrons Educational Series Inc

Summary

This subject review book provides comprehensive coverage of high school-level chemistry topics, with special focus on preparation for the New York State Regents Chemistry exam. Topics reviewed include atomic structure, chemical formulas and equations, the mathematics of chemistry, thermochemistry and thermodynamics, the phases of matter, chemical periodicity, chemical bonding, solutions, an introduction to organic chemistry, kinetics and equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry, and a review of organic chemistry, nuclear chemistry, and important laboratory procedures. Also included are two recent New York State Regents exams.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition	ix
To the Student	ix
To the Teacher	x
1. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY	1	(30)
1.1 Chemistry Is...?	2	(1)
1.2 Matter and Energy	2	(3)
1.3 Measurement and the Metric System	5	(2)
1.4 Metric Prefixes	7	(1)
1.5 Scientific Notation	7	(1)
1.6 Volume and Density	8	(1)
1.7 Reporting Measured Quantities	9	(6)
1.8 Solving Problems	15	(8)
Chapter 1 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	23	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	25	(6)
2. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS	31	(13)
2.1 Introduction to the Atomic Model of Matter	31	(1)
2.2 Development of the Early Models of the Atom	32	(2)
2.3 The Current View of Atomic Structure	34	(1)
2.4 Identifying Elements: Names, Symbols, and Atomic Numbers	35	(1)
2.5 Neutrons, Isotopes, and Mass Numbers	36	(2)
2.6 Molecules	38	(1)
2.7 Ions	38	(2)
Chapter 2 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	40	(1)
End-of-Chapter Questions	41	(3)
3. FORMULAS, EQUATIONS, AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS	44	(24)
3.1 Chemical Formulas	44	(3)
3.2 Writing and Naming Chemical Formulas	47	(6)
3.3 Chemical Equations	53	(1)
3.4 Balancing a Chemical Equation	54	(2)
3.5 Classifying Chemical Reactions	56	(4)
Chapter 3 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	60	(1)
End-of-Chapter Questions	61	(7)
4. CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS	68	(24)
4.1 Introduction	68	(1)
4.2 Atomic Mass	69	(1)
4.3 The Formula Mass of a Substance	70	(1)
4.4 The Mole Concept and Molar Mass	71	(1)
4.5 Problems Involving a Single Substance	72	(5)
4.6 Problems Involving Chemical Equations	77	(6)
Chapter 4 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	83	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	85	(7)
5. THERMOCHEMISTRY AND THERMODYNAMICS: ENERGY AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES	92	(27)
5.1 Energy and Its Measurement	93	(5)
5.2 The Role of Energy in Chemical Reactions	98	(6)
5.3 Potential Energy Diagrams	104	(2)
5.4 Spontaneous Reactions	106	(5)
Chapter 5 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	111	(1)
End-of-Chapter Questions	112	(7)
6. GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS	119	(46)
6.1 Introduction	120	(1)
6.2 Gases	120	(3)
6.3 The Gas Laws	123	(20)
6.4 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gas Behavior	143	(2)
6.5 Liquids	145	(3)
6.6 Solids	148	(1)
6.7 Change of Phase	149	(6)
Chapter 6 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	155	(1)
End-of-Chapter Questions	156	(9)
7. THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS	165	(20)
7.1 Introduction	165	(1)
7.2 The Bohr Model of the Atom	165	(3)
7.3 The Modern (Wave-Mechanical) Model	168	(3)
7.4 Electron Configurations of Atoms	171	(4)
7.5 Valence Electrons	175	(1)
7.6 Lewis Structures (Electron-Dot Diagrams)	176	(2)
Chapter 7 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	178	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	180	(5)
8. CHEMICAL PERIODICITY	185	(26)
8.1 Introduction	185	(1)
8.2 The Periodic Table in History	186	(1)
8.3 The Modern Periodic Table	186	(1)
8.4 Properties Associated with Periodicity	187	(4)
8.5 Variation of Periodic Properties among the Elements	191	(10)
8.6 The Chemistry of the Representative Groups	201	(2)
8.7 The Chemistry of a Period	203	(1)
8.8 Synthetic Elements	203	(2)
Chapter 8 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	205	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	207	(4)
9. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR SHAPE	211	(40)
9.1 Bonding and Stability	212	(1)
9.2 Ionic Bonding	213	(2)
9.3 Covalent Bonding	215	(1)
9.4 Electronegativity and Bonding	216	(1)
9.5 Drawing the Lewis Structures of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions	217	(3)
9.6 Network Solids	220	(1)
9.7 Metallic Substances	221	(1)
9.8 Dipoles and Polar Molecules	221	(1)
9.9 Polarity and Molecular Symmetry	222	(1)
9.10 Intermolecular Forces	223	(5)
9.11 Physical and Chemical Properties of Bonded Substances: A Summary	228	(1)
9.12 Advanced Topics in Bonding	229	(14)
Chapter 9 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	243	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	245	(6)
10. SOLUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES	251	(25)
10.1 A Solution Is...?	251	(2)
10.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions	253	(1)
10.3 Solubility	253	(3)
10.4 Concentrations of Solutions	256	(8)
10.5 Effect of the Solute on the Solvent	264	(2)
10.6 Behavior of Electrolytes in Solution	266	(1)
10.7 Suspensions and Colloidal Dispersions	267	(2)
Chapter 10 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	269	(1)
End-of-Chapter Questions	270	(6)
11. KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM	276	(26)
11.1 Chemical Kinetics	276	(3)
11.2 Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium	279	(1)
11.3 Phase Equilibrium	280	(1)
11.4 Solution Equilibrium	280	(1)
11.5 Chemical Equilibrium	280	(5)
11.6 The Equilibrium Constant (Keq)	285	(4)
11.7 Problems Involving the Equilibrium Constant	289	(3)
Chapter 11 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	292	(1)
End-of-Chapter Questions	293	(9)
12. ACIDS AND BASES	302	(31)
12.1 Operational Definitions of Acids and Bases	302	(2)
12.2 Arrhenius Definitions of Acids and Bases	304	(1)
12.3 Acid–Base Titration	305	(3)
12.4 Bronsted–Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases	308	(5)
12.5 Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases (Ka and Kb)	313	(2)
12.6 The Ionization Constant of Water (Kw)	315	(2)
12.7 The pH Scale of Acidity and Basicity	317	(3)
12.8 Acid–Base Indicators	320	(1)
12.9 Hydrolysis of Salts in Aqueous Solutions	321	(2)
12.10 Acid–Base Properties of Oxides	323	(1)
12.11 Lewis Definitions of Acids and Bases	324	(1)
Chapter 12 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	325	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	327	(6)
13. REDUCTION-OXIDATION (REDOX) AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY	333	(28)
13.1 What Are Oxidation and Reduction?	333	(1)
13.2 Formal Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction	334	(1)
13.3 Redox Equations	335	(1)
13.4 Balancing Redox Equations by the Half–Reaction Method	336	(1)
13.5 Balancing Redox Equations by the Ion–Electron Method	337	(3)
13.6 Spontaneous Redox Reactions	340	(3)
13.7 Electrochemical Cells	343	(8)
13.8 Additional Applications of Redox and Electrochemistry	351	(1)
Chapter 13 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	352	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	354	(7)
14. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY	361	(31)
14.1 Organic Chemistry Is...?	361	(1)
14.2 Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds	362	(1)
14.3 Hydrocarbons and Homologous Series	363	(9)
14.4 Functional Groups	372	(8)
14.5 Organic Reactions	380	(4)
Chapter 14 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	384	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	386	(6)
15. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY	392	(24)
15.1 Nuclear Particles	393	(1)
15.2 Nuclear Equations	393	(1)
15.3 Natural Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay	393	(4)
15.4 Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity	397	(3)
15.5 Uses of Radioisotopes	400	(1)
15.6 Induced Nuclear Reactions	401	(4)
15.7 Fundamental Particles and Interactions	405	(2)
Chapter 15 Concepts and Skills for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	407	(2)
End-of-Chapter Questions	409	(7)
16. THE CHEMISTRY LABORATORY	416	(21)
16.1 Introduction	416	(1)
16.2 Safety Procedures	417	(1)
16.3 Using Measuring Devices	417	(1)
16.4 Basic Laboratory Skills	418	(1)
16.5 Identification of Common Laboratory Apparatus	418	(2)
16.6 Basic Laboratory Activities	420	(6)
16.7 Guidelines for Laboratory Reports	426	(1)
Chapter 16 Concept and Skill for New York State Regents Chemistry Students	427	(1)
End-of-Chapter Questions	427	(10)
GLOSSARY	437	(94)
APPENDIX 1 NEW YORK STATE REGENTS REFERENCE TABLES FOR CHEMISTRY	451	(14)
APPENDIX 2 ADDITIONAL REFERENCE TABLES FOR CHEMISTRY	465	(14)
APPENDIX 3 ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS	479	(12)
APPENDIX 4 ANSWERING CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE QUESTIONS	491	(9)
APPENDIX 5 THE NEW YORK STATE REGENTS EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY	500	(31)
Recent Regents Examination	502	(27)
Answers to Regents Examination	529	(2)
INDEX	531