Let's Review

by Tarendash, Albert S.

• ISBN13: 9780764116643
• ISBN10: 0764116649
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-07-01
• Publisher: Barrons Test Prep

Summary

Here is a thorough review focused especially to prepare high school students to do well in introductory chemistry. The book gives special emphasis to the New York State Regents Chemistry exam, and covers all the materials contained in the New York State Regents Chemistry core. The author points out the structure and logic of chemical formulas and equations, reviews the phases of matter, atomic structure, chemical periodicity and chemical bonding. Other topics include organic chemistry, the mathematics of chemistry, thermodynamics, acids and bases, electrochemistry, kinetics and equilibrium, and more. A final chapter details procedures for laboratory activities. The book contains actual New York State Regents exams.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	ix
To the Student	ix
To the Teacher	x
Introduction To Chemistry	1	(26)
Chemistry Is...?	2	(1)
Matter and Energy	2	(2)
Measurement and the Metric System	4	(2)
Metric Prefixes	6	(1)
Scientific Notation	6	(1)
Volume and Density	7	(2)
Reporting Measured Quantities	9	(5)
Solving Problems by the Factor-Label Method	14	(3)
Solving Problems by Using Equations	17	(1)
Solving Problems by Using Graphs	18	(9)
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions	27	(13)
Introduction to the Atomic Model of Matter	27	(1)
Development of the Early Models of the Atom	28	(2)
The Current View of Atomic Structure	30	(1)
Names, Symbols, and Atomic Numbers	31	(1)
Neutrons, Isotopes, and Mass Numbers	31	(1)
Atomic Mass	32	(2)
Introduction to the Periodic Table	34	(1)
Molecules	35	(1)
Ions	35	(5)
Formulas And Equations	40	(17)
Chemical Formulas	40	(1)
Oxidation Numbers	41	(2)
Writing Formulas for Binary Compounds	43	(1)
Naming Binary Compounds	43	(2)
Polyatomic Ions	45	(1)
Chemical Equations	45	(1)
Balancing a Chemical Equation	46	(2)
Classifying Chemical Reactions	48	(9)
The Electronic Structure Of Atoms	57	(19)
Introduction	57	(1)
The Bohr Model of the Atom	57	(2)
The Modern (Quantum-Mechanical) Model	59	(3)
Electron Configurations of Atoms	62	(7)
Valence Electrons	69	(1)
Lewis Structures (Electron-Dot Diagrams)	70	(6)
Chemical Periodicity	76	(30)
Introduction	76	(1)
The Periodic Table in History	77	(1)
The Modern Periodic Table	77	(1)
Properties Associated With Periodicity	78	(5)
Variation of Periodic Properties Among the Elements	83	(14)
The Chemistry of the Representative Groups	97	(2)
The Chemistry of a Period	99	(1)
Synthetic Elements	99	(7)
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Shape	106	(40)
Bonding and Stability	107	(1)
Ionic Bonding	108	(2)
Covalent Bonding	110	(1)
Electronegativity and Bonding	111	(2)
Drawing the Lewis Structures of Covalent Molecules and Ions	113	(4)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	117	(1)
Molecular Shape and VSEPR	118	(3)
How Covalent Bonding Occurs: Orbital Overlap	121	(2)
Bond Energy and Bond Length	123	(1)
Hybridized Atomic Orbitals	124	(5)
Network Solids	129	(1)
Metallic Substances	129	(1)
Dipoles and Polar Molecules	130	(1)
Polarity and Molecular Symmetry	131	(1)
Intermolecular Forces	132	(4)
Molecule--Ion Attraction	136	(1)
Summary of Properties of Bonded Substances	137	(9)
Organic Chemistry	146	(32)
Organic Chemistry Is...?	146	(1)
Comparison of Organic and Onorganic Compounds	147	(1)
Hydrocarbons and Homologous Series	148	(11)
Enantiomers: Mirror-Image Isomerism	159	(1)
Functional Groups	159	(8)
Organic Reactions	167	(11)
Gases, Liquids, And Solids	178	(40)
Introduction	178	(1)
Gases	179	(19)
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gas Behavior	198	(3)
Liquids	201	(3)
Solids	204	(1)
Change of Phase	205	(13)
Stoichiometry: The Mathematics Of Chemistry	218	(25)
Introduction	218	(1)
The Formula Mass of a Substance	219	(1)
The Mole Concept and Molar Mass	219	(1)
Problems Involving a Single Substance	220	(7)
Problems Involving Chemical Equations	227	(16)
Solutions And Their Properties	243	(26)
A Solution Is...?	243	(2)
Suspensions and Colloidal Dispersions	245	(1)
Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions	246	(1)
Solubility	246	(4)
Concentration of Solutions	250	(9)
Effect of Solute on Solvent	259	(3)
Behavior of Electrolytes in Solution	262	(7)
Thermochemistry And Thermodynamics	269	(26)
Energy and Its Measurement	269	(5)
The Role of Energy in Chemical Reactions	274	(10)
Spontaneous Reactions	284	(11)
Kinetics And Equilibrium	295	(26)
Chemical Kinetics	295	(3)
Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium	298	(1)
Phase Equilibrium	299	(1)
Solution Equilibrium	299	(1)
Chemical Equilibrium	300	(4)
The Equilibrium Constant (Keq)	304	(4)
Applications of Chemical Equilibrium	308	(1)
Problems Involving the Equilibrium Constant	309	(12)
Acids And Bases	321	(27)
Operational Definitions of Acids and Bases	321	(2)
Arrhenius Definitions of Acids and Bases	323	(1)
Acid-Base Titration	324	(3)
Bronsted-Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases	327	(5)
Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases (Ka and Kb)	332	(2)
Ionization Constant of Water (Kw)	334	(1)
The pH and pOH Scales	335	(3)
Acid-Base Indicators	338	(1)
Hydrolysis of Salts in Aqueous Solutions	338	(2)
Acid-Base Properties of Oxides	340	(1)
Lewis Definitions of Acids and Bases	341	(7)
Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) And Electrochemistry	348	(27)
What Are Oxidation and Reduction?	348	(1)
Formal Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction	349	(1)
Redox Equations	350	(1)
Balancing Redox Equations by the Half-Reaction Method	351	(1)
Balancing Redox Equations by the Ion-Electron Method	352	(3)
Spontaneous Redox Reactions	355	(2)
Electrochemical Cells	357	(6)
Electrolysis and Electrolytic Cells	363	(3)
Additional Applications of Redox and Electrochemistry	366	(9)
Nuclear Chemistry	375	(22)
Nuclear Particles	376	(1)
Nuclear Equations	376	(1)
Natural Redioactivity and Radioactive Decay	376	(4)
Separation of Nuclear Particles by Electric and Magnetic Fields	380	(1)
Detection of Radioactivity	381	(1)
Measurement of Radioactivity	381	(2)
Uses of Radioisotopes	383	(1)
Induced Nuclear Reactions	384	(4)
Fundamental Particles and Interactions	388	(9)
The Chemistry Laboratory	397	(21)
Introduction	397	(1)
Safety Procedures	398	(1)
Using Measuring Devices	398	(1)
Basic Laboratory Skills	399	(1)
Identification of Common Laboratory Apparatus	399	(2)
Laboratory Activities	401	(6)
Guidelines for Laboratory Reports	407	(11)
Glossary	418	(14)
Appendix 1---Reference Tables For Chemistry	432	(29)
Appendix 2---Answers To Questions For Review	461	(12)
Appendix 3---Answering ``Constructed-Response'' Questions	473	(9)
Appendix 4---Chemistry Web Sites	482	(2)
Appendix 5---The New York State Regents Examination in Chemistry	484	(69)
Regents Topic Outline	485	(17)
The Regents Chemistry Reference Tables	502	(18)
A Recent Regents Examination	520	(32)
Answers to the Regents Examination	552	(1)
Index	553