Lightwave Technology Telecommunication Systems

by Agrawal, Govind P.

• ISBN13: 9780471215721
• ISBN10: 0471215724
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-23
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

The state of the art of modern lightwave system design Recent advances in lightwave technology have led to an explosion of high-speed global information systems throughout the world. Responding to the growth of this exciting new technology, Lightwave Technology provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the underlying theory, development, operation, and management of these systems from the perspective of both physics and engineering. The first independent volume of this two-volume set, Components and Devices, deals with the multitude of silica- and semiconductor-based optical devices. This second volume, Telecommunication Systems, helps readers understand the design of modern lightwave systems, with an emphasis on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems. * Two introductory chapters cover topics such as modulation formats and multiplexing techniques used to create optical bit streams * Chapters 3 to 5 consider degradation of optical signals through loss, dispersion, and nonlinear impairment during transmission and its corresponding impact on system performance * Chapters 6 to 8 provide readers with strategies for managing degradation induced by amplifier noise, fiber dispersion, and various nonlinear effects * Chapters 9 and 10 discuss the engineering issues involved in the design of WDM systems and optical networks Each chapter includes problems that enable readers to engage and test their new knowledge to solve problems. A CD containing illuminating examples based on RSoft Design Group's award-winning OptSim optical communication system simulation software is included with the book to assist readers in understanding design issues. Finally, extensive, up-to-date references at the end of each chapter enable students and researchers to gather more information about the most recent technology breakthroughs and applications. With its extensive problem sets and straightforward writing style, this is an excellent textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. Research scientists and engineers working in lightwave technology will use this text as a problem-solving resource and a reference to additional research papers in the field.

Author Biography

GOVIND P. AGRAWAL, PhD, is a Professor of Optics at The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, New York, and a Fellow of the Optical Society of America and the IEEE. Internationally recognized as an expert in his field, Dr. Agrawal has authored or coauthored more than 300 research papers, books, and monographs.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
Introduction	1	(25)
Evolution of Lightwave Systems	1	(6)
Components of a Lightwave System	7	(4)
Optical Transmitters	7	(1)
Communication Channel	8	(1)
Optical Receivers	9	(2)
Electrical Signals	11	(5)
Analog and Digital Signals	11	(1)
Advantages of Digital Format	12	(1)
Analog to Digital Conversion	13	(3)
Channel Multiplexing	16	(10)
Time-Division Multiplexing	16	(2)
Frequency-Division Multiplexing	18	(2)
Code-Division Multiplexing	20	(1)
Problems	21	(1)
References	22	(4)
Optical Signal Generation	26	(37)
Modulation Formats	26	(6)
ASK Format	28	(2)
PSK Format	30	(1)
FSK Format	31	(1)
Digital Data Formats	32	(5)
Nonreturn-to-Zero Format	33	(1)
Return-to-Zero Format	34	(1)
Power Spectral Density	34	(3)
Bit-Stream Generation	37	(10)
NRZ Transmitters	37	(1)
RZ Transmitters	38	(2)
Modified RZ Transmitters	40	(6)
DPSK Transmitters and Receivers	46	(1)
Transmitter Design	47	(16)
Coupling Losses and Output Stability	48	(2)
Wavelength Stability and Tunability	50	(3)
Monolithic Integration	53	(2)
Reliability and Packaging	55	(2)
Problems	57	(1)
References	58	(5)
Signal Propagation in Fibers	63	(44)
Basic Propagation Equation	63	(4)
Impact of Fiber Losses	67	(4)
Loss Compensation	67	(2)
Lumped and Distributed Amplification	69	(2)
Impact of Fiber Dispersion	71	(11)
Chirped Gaussian Pulses	71	(3)
Pulses of Arbitrary Shape	74	(2)
Effects of Source Spectrum	76	(2)
Limitations on the Bit Rate	78	(3)
Dispersion compensation	81	(1)
Polarization-Mode Dispersion	82	(16)
Fibers with Constant Birefringence	83	(1)
Fibers with Random Birefringence	84	(3)
Jones-Matrix Formalism	87	(2)
Stokes-Space Description	89	(3)
Statistics of PMD	92	(3)
PMD-Induced Pulse Broadening	95	(1)
Higher-Order PMD Effects	96	(2)
Polarization-Dependent Losses	98	(9)
PDL Vector and Its Statistics	99	(2)
PDL-Induced Pulse Distortion	101	(2)
Problems	103	(1)
References	104	(3)
Nonlinear Impairments	107	(44)
Self-Phase Modulation	107	(10)
Nonlinear Phase Shift	108	(3)
Spectral Broadening and Narrowing	111	(2)
Effects of Fiber Dispersion	113	(1)
Modulation Instability	114	(3)
Cross-Phase Modulation	117	(8)
XPM-Induced Phase Shift	117	(2)
Effects of Group-Velocity Mismatch	119	(2)
Effects of Group-Velocity Dispersion	121	(3)
Control of XPM Interaction	124	(1)
Four-Wave Mixing	125	(5)
FWM Efficiency	126	(2)
Control of FWM	128	(2)
Stimulated Raman Scattering	130	(4)
Raman-Gain Spectrum	131	(1)
Raman Threshold	132	(2)
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering	134	(3)
Brillouin Threshold	134	(2)
Control of SBS	136	(1)
Nonlinear Pulse Propagation	137	(5)
Moment Method	137	(2)
Variational Method	139	(1)
Specific Analytic Solutions	140	(2)
Polarization Effects	142	(9)
Vector NLS equation	142	(2)
Manakov Equation	144	(1)
Problems	145	(1)
References	146	(5)
Signal Recovery and Noise	151	(34)
Noise Sources	151	(3)
Shot Noise	152	(1)
Thermal Noise	153	(1)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	154	(5)
Receivers with a p-i-n Photodiode	155	(1)
APD Receivers	156	(3)
Receiver Sensitivity	159	(7)
Bit-Error Rate	160	(3)
Minimum Average Power	163	(2)
Quantum Limit of Photodetection	165	(1)
Sensitivity Degradation	166	(10)
Finite Extinction Ratio	166	(2)
Intensity Noise of Lasers	168	(2)
Dispersive Pulse Broadening	170	(1)
Frequency Chirping	171	(1)
Timing Jitter	172	(3)
Eye-Closure Penalty	175	(1)
Forward Error Correction	176	(9)
Error-Correcting Codes	177	(1)
Coding Gain	177	(1)
Optimum Coding Overhead	178	(3)
Problems	181	(1)
References	182	(3)
Optical Amplifier Noise	185	(40)
Origin of Amplifier Noise	185	(5)
EDFA Noise	186	(3)
Distributed Amplification	189	(1)
Optical SNR	190	(3)
Lumped Amplification	190	(1)
Distributed Amplification	191	(2)
Electrical SNR	193	(6)
ASE-Induced Current Fluctuations	193	(1)
Impact of ASE on SNR	194	(2)
Noise Figure of Distributed Amplifiers	196	(2)
Noise Buildup in an Amplifier Chain	198	(1)
Receiver Sensitivity and Q Factor	199	(5)
Bit-Error Rate	199	(2)
Non-Gaussian Receiver Noise	201	(1)
Relation between Q Factor and Optical SNR	202	(2)
Role of Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects	204	(12)
Noise Growth through Modulation Instability	204	(3)
Noise-Induced Signal Degradation	207	(3)
Noise-Induced Energy Fluctuations	210	(1)
Noise-Induced Frequency Fluctuations	211	(2)
Noise-Induced Timing Jitter	213	(1)
Jitter Reduction through Distributed Amplification	214	(2)
Periodically Amplified Lightwave Systems	216	(9)
Numerical Approach	216	(3)
Optimum Launched Power	219	(2)
Problems	221	(1)
References	222	(3)
Dispersion Management	225	(59)
Dispersion Problem and Its Solution	225	(2)
Dispersion-Compensating Fibers	227	(8)
Conditions for Dispersion Compensation	228	(1)
Dispersion Maps	229	(2)
DCF Designs	231	(3)
Reverse-Dispersion Fibers	234	(1)
Dispersion-Equalizing Filters	235	(5)
Gires-Tournois Filters	235	(2)
Mach-Zehnder Filters	237	(2)
Other All-Pass Filters	239	(1)
Fiber Bragg Gratings	240	(10)
Constant-Period Gratings	240	(3)
Chirped Fiber Gratings	243	(3)
Sampled Gratings	246	(4)
Optical Phase Conjugation	250	(6)
Principle of Operation	250	(1)
Compensation of Self-Phase Modulation	250	(3)
Generation of Phase-Conjugated Signal	253	(3)
Other Schemes	256	(6)
Prechirp Technique	256	(3)
Novel Coding Techniques	259	(1)
Nonlinear Prechirp Techniques	260	(1)
Electronic Compensation Techniques	261	(1)
High-Speed Lightwave Systems	262	(22)
Tunable Dispersion Compensation	262	(5)
Higher-Order Dispersion Management	267	(3)
PMD Compensation	270	(4)
Problems	274	(2)
References	276	(8)
Nonlinearity Management	284	(62)
Role of Fiber Nonlinearity	284	(9)
System Design Issues	285	(4)
Semianalytic Approach	289	(2)
Soliton and Pseudo-linear Regimes	291	(2)
Solitons in Optical Fibers	293	(8)
Properties of Optical Solitons	293	(4)
Loss-Managed Solitons	297	(4)
Dispersion-Managed Solitons	301	(13)
Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers	301	(1)
Periodic Dispersion Maps	302	(3)
Design Issues	305	(3)
Timing Jitter	308	(2)
Control of Timing Jitter	310	(4)
Pseudo-linear Lightwave Systems	314	(10)
Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects	314	(2)
Intrachannel XPM	316	(4)
Intrachannel FWM	320	(4)
Control of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects	324	(8)
Optimization of Dispersion Maps	324	(4)
Phase-Alternation Techniques	328	(2)
Polarization Bit Interleaving	330	(2)
High-Speed Lightwave Systems	332	(14)
OTDM Transmitters and Receivers	332	(3)
Performance of OTDM System	335	(2)
Problems	337	(2)
References	339	(7)
WDM Systems	346	(58)
Basic WDM Scheme	346	(5)
System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency	347	(1)
Bandwidth and Capacity of WDM Systems	348	(3)
Linear Degradation Mechanisms	351	(6)
Out-of-Band Linear Crosstalk	351	(2)
In-Band Linear Crosstalk	353	(3)
Filter-Induced Signal Distortion	356	(1)
Nonlinear Crosstalk	357	(9)
Raman Crosstalk	358	(5)
Four-Wave Mixing	363	(3)
Cross-Phase Modulation	366	(8)
Amplitude Fluctuations	366	(3)
Timing Jitter	369	(5)
Control of Nonlinear Effects	374	(11)
Optimization of Dispersion Maps	374	(4)
Use of Raman Amplification	378	(3)
Polarization Interleaving of Channels	381	(2)
Use of DPSK Format	383	(2)
Major Design Issues	385	(19)
Spectral Efficiency	386	(5)
Dispersion Fluctuations	391	(2)
PMD and Polarization-Dependent Losses	393	(2)
Wavelength Stability and Other Issues	395	(2)
Problems	397	(1)
References	398	(6)
Optical Networks	404	(38)
Network Architecture and Topologies	404	(5)
Wide-Area Networks	404	(2)
Metropolitan-Area Networks	406	(1)
Local-Area Networks	407	(2)
Network Protocols and Layers	409	(4)
Evolution of Protocols	409	(1)
Evolution of WDM Networks	410	(2)
Network Planes	412	(1)
Wavelength-Routing Networks	413	(5)
Wavelength Switching and Its Limitations	414	(1)
Architecture of Optical Cross-Connects	414	(3)
Switching Technologies for Cross-Connects	417	(1)
Packet-Switched Networks	418	(7)
Optical Label Swapping	419	(1)
Techniques for Label Coding	420	(4)
Contention Resolution	424	(1)
Other Routing Techniques	425	(6)
Optical Burst Switching	426	(1)
Photonic Slot Routing	427	(2)
High-Speed TDM Networks	429	(2)
Distribution and Access Networks	431	(11)
Broadcast-and-Select Networks	431	(2)
Passive Optical Networks	433	(3)
Problems	436	(1)
References	437	(5)
Appendix A System of Units	442	(2)
Appendix B Software Package	444	(2)
Appendix C Acronyms	446	(3)
Index	449