Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems

by Robert G. Wetzel

• ISBN13: 9780127447605
• ISBN10: 0127447601
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-04-06
• Publisher: Elsevier

Summary

Limnology is the study of the structural and functional interrelationships of organisms of inland waters as they are affected by their dynamic physical, chemical, and biotic environments. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd Edition, is a new edition of this established classic text. The coverage remains rigorous and uncompromising and has been thoroughly reviewed and updated with evolving recent research results and theoretical understanding. In addition, the author has expanded coverage of lakes to reservoir and river ecosystems in comparative functional analyses.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Prologue
Our Freshwater Resources	1	(1)
Demotechnic Growth	1	(2)
Human Impact on Freshwater Ecosystems	3	(1)
The Study of Limnology	4	(1)
Scientific Approaches	5	(1)
Search for Commonality, Not Only Differences	6	(1)
Altered Perspectives	6	(1)
Summary	7	(2)
Water as a Substance
The Characteristics of Water	9	(5)
Summary	14	(1)
Rivers and Lakes---Their Distribution, Origins, and Forms
Distribution of Fresh Waters	15	(2)
Running Waters: Lotic Ecosystems	17	(1)
Morphology and Flow in River Ecosystems	18	(4)
Groundwater Fluxes to Lakes	22	(1)
Geomorphology of Lake Basins	23	(11)
Morphology of Lake Basins	34	(3)
Reservoirs	37	(2)
Comparative Geomorphological Characteristics	39	(1)
Summary	40	(3)
Water Economy
Hydrological Cycle	43	(2)
Global Water Balance	45	(3)
Summary	48	(1)
Light in Inland Waters
Light as an Entity	49	(3)
Light Impinging on Water	52	(3)
Thermal Radiation in Lake Water	55	(1)
Transmission and Absorption of Light by Water	56	(7)
Transmission through Ice and Snow	63	(1)
Color of Natural Waters	64	(1)
Transparency of Water to Light	65	(2)
Utilization and Effects of Solar Radiation	67	(1)
Summary	68	(3)
Fate of Heat
Distribution of Heat in Rivers	71	(1)
Distribution of Heat in Lakes and Reservoirs	72	(14)
Thermal Energy Content: Heat Budgets of Lakes	86	(4)
Comparative Analyses: Thermal Characteristics of Rivers, Reservoirs, and Natural Lakes	90	(1)
Summary	91	(2)
Water Movements
Hydrodynamics of Water Movements	93	(1)
Flow of Water	94	(2)
In-Stream Hydraulic Movements	96	(6)
Surface Water Movements	102	(5)
Internal Water Movements	107	(1)
Water Movements Affecting the Whole Lake	108	(5)
Other Water Movements	113	(5)
Circulation Caused by Thermal Bars	118	(2)
Currents Generated by River Influents	120	(2)
Currents under Ice Cover	122	(2)
Hydrodynamics among Aquatic Ecosystems	124	(1)
Summary	125	(4)
Structure and Productivity of Aquatic Ecosystems
The Drainage Basin Concept	129	(1)
Streams and Rivers	130	(1)
Lake Ecosystem Concept	130	(4)
Population Growth and Regulation	134	(2)
Community Structure and Interrelationships	136	(1)
Ecosystem Interrelationships	137	(2)
Detritus: Dead Organic Matter and Detrital Dynamic Structure	139	(3)
Productivity	142	(7)
Summary	149	(2)
Oxygen
The Oxygen Content of Inland Waters	151	(1)
Solubility of Oxygen in Water	151	(2)
Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Running Waters	153	(1)
Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Lakes	154	(4)
Variations in Oxygen Distributions	158	(6)
Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion Rates	164	(3)
Summary	167	(2)
Salinity of Inland Waters
Ionic Composition of Surface Waters	169	(1)
Salinity Distribution in World Surface Waters and Control Mechanisms	170	(3)
Sources of Salinity	173	(3)
Distribution of Major Ions in Fresh Waters	176	(8)
Salinity, Osmoregulation, and Distribution of Biota	184	(2)
Summary	186	(1)
The Inorganic Carbon Comples
The Occurrence of Inorganic Carbon in Freshwater Systems	187	(5)
Hydrogen Ion Activity	192	(1)
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Inorganic Carbon and pH in Rivers and Lakes	193	(5)
Hypolimnetic CO2 Accumulation in Relation to Lake Metabolism	198	(2)
Utilization of Carbon by Algae and Macrophytes	200	(3)
Summary	203	(2)
The Nitrogen Cycle
Sources and Transformations of Nitrogen in Water	205	(7)
Inorganic and Organic Nitrogen	212	(8)
Seasonal Distribution of Nitrogen	220	(4)
Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratios	224	(1)
Summary of the Nitrogen Cycle	225	(2)
Nitrogen Budgets	227	(3)
Nitrogen Dynamics in Streams and Rivers	230	(5)
Summary	235	(4)
The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus in Fresh Waters	239	(1)
The Distribution of Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus in Lakes and Streams	240	(2)
Phosphorus Cycling in Running Waters	242	(3)
Phosphorus and the Sediments: Internal Loading	245	(13)
Phosphorus Cycling within the Epilimnion	258	(8)
Algal Requirements for Phosphorus	266	(3)
Humans and the Phosphorus Cycle in Lakes	269	(10)
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loading and Algal Productivity	279	(7)
Summary	286	(3)
Iron, Sulfur, and Silica Cycles
Biogeochemical Cycling of Essential Micronutrients	289	(1)
Oxidation - Reduction Potentials in Freshwater Systems	289	(2)
Iron and Managanese Cycling in Lakes	291	(11)
Bacterial Transformations of Iron and Manganese	302	(3)
Minor Elements	305	(5)
The Sulfur Cycle	310	(13)
The Silica Cycle	323	(5)
Summary	328	(4)
Planktonic Communities: Algae and Cyanobacteria
Composition of the Algae of Phytoplanktonic Associations	332	(6)
The Importance of Size: Small is Beautiful and Productive	338	(1)
Phytoplanktonic Communities	339	(2)
Growth Characteristics of Phytoplankton	341	(13)
Organic Micronutrient Requirements	354	(2)
Heterotrophy of Organic Carbon by Algae and Cyanobacteria	356	(2)
Other Effects of Dissolved Organic Matter	358	(8)
Seasonal Succession of Phytoplankton	366	(4)
Competitive Interactions and Successional Diversity	370	(1)
Phytoplankton in the Gradient along Rivers, Reservoirs, and Lakes: Diversity and Biomass	371	(2)
Vertical Distribution and Maximum Growth in Lakes and Reservoirs	373	(2)
Primary Production of Phytoplankton	375	(14)
Phytoplankton among Aquatic Ecosystems	389	(1)
Summary	390	(6)
Planktonic Communities: Zooplankton and Their Interactions with Fish
Zooplankton	396	(1)
Protozoa and Other Protists	396	(12)
Trophic Relationships of Protists in Pelagic Food Webs	408	(4)
General Characteristics of Rotifers, Cladocera, and Copepods	412	(4)
Food, Feeding, and Food Selectivity	416	(12)
Reproduction and Life Histories	428	(5)
Seasonal Population Dynamics	433	(3)
Rotifer Population Dynamics	436	(3)
Cladoceran Population Dynamics	439	(3)
Copepod Population Dynamics	442	(4)
Parasitism and Zooplankton Population Dynamics	446	(1)
Zooplankton Distribution in Reservoirs and in Floodplain Lakes	446	(1)
Zooplankton Distribution in Tropical Fresh Waters	447	(1)
Zooplankton Distribution in Flowing Waters	448	(1)
Vertical Migration and Spatial Distribution	448	(7)
Horizontal Variations in Distribution	455	(1)
Cyclomorphosis and Predation among the Zooplankton	456	(4)
Fish within Aquatic Ecosystems	460	(8)
Zooplankton Production	468	(14)
Zooplankton among Aquatic Ecosystems	482	(2)
Summary	484	(6)
Bacterioplankton
The Organic Carbon Cycle	490	(1)
Distribution of Bacterioplankton	491	(7)
Control of Bacterioplankton by Resource Availability and Environmental Factors	498	(2)
Decomposition of Dissolved Organic Matter	500	(8)
Control of Bacterioplankton by Biota	508	(2)
Biotically Released Dissolved Organic Matter	510	(3)
Decomposition of Particulate Organic Detritus	513	(6)
Productivity of Bacterioplankton	519	(3)
Comparison of Bacterioplankton among Aquatic Ecosystems	522	(2)
Summary	524	(4)
Land -- Water Interfaces: Larger Plants
Aquatic Macrophytes of the Littoral Zone and Wetlands	528	(1)
Aquatic Plant Characteristics	529	(6)
Metabolism by Aquatic Macrophytes	535	(14)
Rates of Photosynthesis and Depth Distribution of Macrophytes	549	(4)
Primary Productivity of Macrophytes	553	(19)
Summary	572	(6)
Land -- Water Interfaces: Attached Microorganisms, Littoral Algae, and Zooplankton
Attached Microbes and Algae of Littoral Regions	578	(24)
Metabolic Interactions in the Littoral Regions	602	(3)
Productivity of Littoral Algae	605	(12)
Periphyton among Aquatic Ecosystems	617	(2)
Littoral Zooplankton Communities	619	(2)
Summary	621	(4)
Shallow Lakes and Ponds
Origins and Distribution	625	(1)
Characteristics	625	(1)
Invasion and Growth of Macrophytes	626	(1)
Shifts between Macrophyte and Phytoplankton Dominance	626	(2)
Temporary Ponds, Pools, and Streams	628	(2)
Summary	630	(1)
Sediments and Microflora
General Composition of Sediments	631	(2)
Resuspension and Redeposition of Sediments	633	(2)
Microflora of Sediments and Rates of Decomposition	635	(4)
Anaerobic Decomposition in Sediments	639	(12)
Littoral Decomposition and Microbial Metabolism	651	(6)
Degradation of Particulate Organic Matter in Sediments of Running Waters	657	(3)
Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Sediments of Running Waters	660	(2)
Summary	662	(3)
Benthic Animals and Fish Communities
Benthic Animal Communities	665	(30)
Aquatic Insects	695	(7)
Littoral and Profundal Benthic Communities of Lakes	702	(8)
Stream Benthic Communities	710	(4)
Reservoir Benthic Communities	714	(1)
Production of Invertebrate Benthic Fauna	715	(6)
Fish Predation and Other Mortality of Benthic Fauna	721	(3)
Fish Production Rates	724	(1)
Invertebrates and Fish among Aquatic Ecosystems	724	(1)
Summary	725	(6)
Detritus: Organic Carbon Cycling and Ecosystem Metabolism
Overview of Organic Transfers and Uses	731	(1)
Dead Organic Matter: The Central Role of Detritus	732	(5)
Allochthonous Organic Matter	737	(14)
Distribution of Organic Carbon	751	(8)
Detritus: Organic Matter as a Component of the Ecosystem	759	(16)
Net Ecosystem Production	775	(1)
Biotic Stability and Succession of Productivity	775	(4)
Synergies among Dissolved Organic Matter, Sunlight, Climatic Warming, Enhanced Atmospheric CO2 and Acidification	779	(1)
Summary	780	(6)
Past Productivity: Paleolimnology
Stratigraphy and Geochemistry	786	(6)
Biological Indicators	792	(10)
Sedimentary Record and Lake Ontogeny	802	(1)
Summary	802	(4)
The Ontogeny of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems
Successional Development of Aquatic Ecosystems	806	(6)
Dystrophy and Bog Ecosystems	812	(9)
Summary	821	(4)
Inland Waters: Understanding is Essential for the Future
Water Quality Is Essential; Water Quality Is Biological	825	(1)
Biodiversity of Inland Waters	826	(6)
River Regulation	832	(4)
Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems	836	(5)
Summary	841	(2)
References	843	(138)
Appendix	981	(4)
Index	985