Linux For Programmers And Users

by Glass, Graham; Ables, King

• ISBN13: 9780131857483
• ISBN10: 0131857487
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-08
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Offering full coverage of Linux in one source, this book documents the most commonly needed topics for new and experienced Linux users and programmers - including over 100 utilities and their common options.Provides a good foundation of understanding for the most often-used Linux utilities. Devotes a chapter to helpful installation information for those who must install their own systems. Includes hundreds of command and code examples throughout. Provides approximately 50 diagrams throughout. Features FTP-able files; code used in the book will be made available on a website hosted by the publisher.A useful reference for anyone using a Linux platform, including programmers, system administrators, and any user who must understand the operating system outside of a specific application.

Author Biography

Graham Glass is Chief Technology Officer of WebMethods. He has taught UNIX, C, assembly language, C++, Smalltalk, and other computer science topics at the University of Texas at Dallas, where he earned his M.S. in computer science. Glass co-founded ObjectSpace to deliver object-oriented training, consulting and products. He also founded The Mind Electric, which created the Glue web services platform and the Fabric shared SOA infrastructure platform. King Ables has developed UNIX/Linux product software and systems tools, delivered support and training services, and written product documentation. Now an independent consultant specializing in IT services and network security, he has worked with Unix technologies since 1979 as a user, developer, system administrator, and consultant. Glass and Ables co-authored UNIX for Programmers and Users.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxv
What Is Linux?	1	(16)
Computer Systems	2	(1)
Hardware	3	(1)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)	3	(1)
Bus	3	(1)
Random Access Memory (RAM)	3	(1)
Read-Only Memory (ROM)	3	(1)
Disk(s)	3	(1)
CD-ROM Drives	3	(1)
Monitor(s)	3	(1)
Graphics Card(s)	3	(1)
Keyboard	3	(1)
Mouse	4	(1)
Printer(s)	4	(1)
Tape(s)	4	(1)
Modem	4	(1)
Network Interface	4	(1)
Other Peripherals	4	(1)
Operating System	4	(1)
Software	5	(1)
Sharing Resources	5	(1)
Communication	6	(1)
Utilities	7	(1)
Programmer Support	7	(1)
Standards	8	(1)
Linux Lineage	8	(3)
UNIX	8	(2)
Open Source Software and the Free Software Foundation	10	(1)
Linus	11	(1)
Linux Packaging	11	(1)
The Linux and UNIX Philosophy	12	(1)
Linux Features	13	(1)
The Rest of This Book	14	(3)
Installing Your Linux System	17	(24)
Introduction	18	(1)
Make Sure Your Hardware Will Support Linux	18	(2)
CPU Type	18	(1)
Bus Architecture	19	(1)
Memory	19	(1)
Disk	19	(1)
Display, Keyboard, and Mouse	20	(1)
Choose Your Linux Distribution	20	(3)
Debian	21	(1)
Fedora	21	(1)
Mandrake	22	(1)
Slackware	22	(1)
SuSE	23	(1)
TurboLinux	23	(1)
Consider Optional Software Packages	23	(5)
X Window System	23	(1)
Desktop Environments	24	(2)
Networking	26	(1)
Office Tools	27	(1)
Programming Languages and Tools	27	(1)
Design Your System	28	(5)
How Do You Want To Run Linux?	28	(1)
Disk Partitioning	28	(2)
Linux File Systems	30	(2)
Boot Loaders	32	(1)
Boot Floppy	32	(1)
Get Linux	33	(2)
CD-ROM	33	(1)
Download	34	(1)
Install Linux	35	(6)
Get the Documentation for Your Distribution	35	(1)
Boot	35	(1)
Partition Disks	35	(2)
Resize a Windows Partition	37	(1)
System Setup	37	(1)
The Boot Loader	38	(3)
GNU Utilities for Nonprogrammers	41	(66)
Obtaining an Account	42	(1)
Logging In	42	(1)
Shells	43	(1)
Running a GNU Utility	44	(1)
Input, Output, and Error Channels	45	(1)
Obtaining online Help: man	45	(2)
Special Characters	47	(2)
Terminating a Process: Control-C	48	(1)
End-of-input: Control-D	48	(1)
Setting Your Password: passwd	49	(1)
Logging Out	50	(1)
Poetry in Motion: Exploring the File System	50	(2)
Printing Your Shell's Current Working Directory: pwd	52	(1)
Absolute and Relative Pathnames	52	(2)
Creating a File	54	(1)
Listing the Contents of a Directory: Is	55	(1)
Listing the Contents of a File: cat/more/head/tail	56	(2)
Renaming a File: mv	58	(1)
Creating a Directory: mkdir	58	(1)
Moving to a Directory: cd	59	(1)
Copying a File: cp	60	(1)
Editing a File: vim	61	(1)
Deleting a Directory: rmdir	62	(1)
Deleting a File: rm	62	(2)
Printing a File: lp/lpstat/cancel	64	(1)
Printing a File: lpr/lpq/lprm	65	(2)
Counting Words in a File: wc	67	(1)
File Attributes	68	(4)
File Storage	68	(1)
Filenames	68	(1)
File Modification Time	69	(1)
File Owner	69	(1)
File Group	69	(1)
File Types	69	(1)
File Permissions	70	(2)
Hard Link Count	72	(1)
Groups	72	(1)
Listing Your Groups: groups	73	(1)
Changing a File's Group: chgrp	73	(1)
Changing a File's Permissions: chmod	74	(2)
Changing a File's Owner: chown	76	(1)
Changing Groups: newgrp	76	(1)
Poetry in Motion: Epilogue	77	(1)
Determining Your Terminal's Type: tset	77	(3)
Changing a Terminal's Characteristics: stty	80	(2)
Editing a File: vim	82	(11)
Starting vim	82	(1)
Text Entry Mode	83	(1)
Command Mode	84	(1)
Memory Buffer and Temporary Files	85	(1)
Common Editing Features	85	(1)
Cursor Movement	86	(1)
Deleting Text	87	(1)
Replacing Text	87	(1)
Pasting Text	88	(1)
Searching	89	(1)
Search/Replace	89	(1)
Saving/Loading Files	90	(1)
Miscellaneous	91	(1)
Customizing vim	92	(1)
Keeping Your Customizations	92	(1)
Editing a File: emacs	93	(6)
Starting emacs	93	(1)
emacs Commands	94	(1)
Getting Out of Trouble	94	(1)
Getting Help	95	(1)
Leaving emacs	95	(1)
emacs Modes	95	(1)
Entering Text	95	(1)
Common Editing Features	95	(1)
Moving the Cursor	96	(1)
Deleting, Pasting, and Undoing	96	(1)
Searching	97	(1)
Search/Replace	97	(1)
Saving/Loading files	98	(1)
Miscellaneous	98	(1)
Electronic Mail: mail	99	(8)
Sending Mail	101	(1)
Reading Mail	102	(1)
Contacting the System Administrator	103	(4)
GNU Utilities for Power Users	107	(60)
Introduction	108	(1)
Filtering Files: grep, egrep, fgrep, and uniq	109	(4)
Filtering Patterns: egrep/fgrep/grep	109	(3)
Removing Duplicate Lines: uniq	112	(1)
Sorting Files: sort	113	(3)
Comparing Files: cmp and diff	116	(3)
Testing for Sameness: cmp	116	(1)
File Differences: diff	117	(2)
Finding Files: find	119	(2)
Archiving Files: cpio, tar, and dump/restore	121	(7)
Copying Files: cpio	121	(3)
Tape Archiving: tar	124	(2)
Incremental Backups: Dump and Restore	126	(2)
Scheduling Commands: crontab and at	128	(4)
Periodic Execution: Crontab	128	(2)
One-time Execution: at	130	(2)
Programmable Text Processing: gawk	132	(5)
gawk Programs	132	(1)
Accessing Individual Fields	133	(1)
BEGIN and END	133	(1)
Operators	134	(1)
Variables	134	(1)
Control Structures	135	(1)
Extended Regular Expressions	135	(1)
Condition Ranges	136	(1)
Field Separators	136	(1)
Built-In Functions	136	(1)
Hard and Soft Links: In	137	(2)
Identifying Shells: whoami	139	(1)
Substituting a User: su	139	(1)
Transforming Files	140	(8)
Compressing Files: gzip and gunzip	141	(1)
Stream Editing: sed	141	(5)
Translating Characters: tr	146	(1)
Converting Underline Sequences: ul	147	(1)
Looking at Raw File Contents: od	148	(1)
Mounting File Systems: mount and umount	149	(1)
Identifying Terminals: tty	150	(1)
Timing Execution: time	151	(1)
Rolling Your Own Programs: Perl	152	(15)
Getting Perl	152	(1)
Running Perl	152	(1)
Printing Text	153	(1)
Variables, Strings, and Integers	153	(1)
Arrays	154	(1)
Mathematical and Logical Operators	155	(2)
String Operators	157	(1)
Comparison Operators	157	(1)
If, while, for and foreach Loop Constructs	158	(1)
File I/O	159	(1)
Functions	159	(1)
Library Functions	160	(1)
Command-line Arguments	161	(1)
A Real-World E-xample	162	(5)
The Linux Shells	167	(36)
Introduction	168	(1)
Selecting a Shell	169	(1)
Shell Operations	170	(1)
Executable Files Versus Built-In Commands	170	(1)
Displaying Information: echo	171	(1)
Changing Directories: cd	171	(1)
Metacharacters	171	(1)
Redirection	172	(2)
Output Redirection	173	(1)
Input Redirection	174	(1)
Filename Substitution (Wildcards)	174	(4)
Pipes	175	(3)
Command Substitution	178	(1)
Sequences	178	(1)
Conditional Sequences	179	(1)
Grouping Commands	179	(1)
Background Processing	180	(1)
Redirecting Background Processes	181	(1)
Shell Programs (Scripts)	182	(1)
Subshells or Child Shells	183	(1)
Variables	184	(3)
Quoting	187	(1)
Here Documents	187	(1)
Job Control	188	(6)
Process Status: ps	188	(4)
Signaling Processes: kill	192	(1)
Waiting For Child Processes: wait	193	(1)
Finding a Command: SPATH	194	(1)
Superseding Standard Utilities	195	(1)
Termination and Exit Codes	196	(1)
Common Core Built-ins	197	(6)
eval	197	(1)
exec	197	(1)
shift	198	(1)
umask	199	(4)
The Bourne Again Shell	203	(42)
Introduction	204	(1)
Startup	204	(1)
Variables	205	(12)
Creating/Assigning a Simple Variable	205	(1)
Accessing Simple Variables	206	(3)
Creating/Assigning a List Variable	209	(1)
Accessing List Variables	209	(1)
Building Lists	210	(1)
Destroying lists	211	(1)
Reading a Variable from Standard Input	211	(1)
Exporting Variables	212	(1)
Read-only Variables	213	(1)
Predefined Variables	214	(3)
Command Shortcuts	217	(3)
Aliases	217	(1)
Command History	217	(3)
Auto-Completion	220	(1)
Tilde Substitution	220	(1)
Redirection	221	(1)
Command Substitution	222	(1)
Arithmetic	222	(1)
Conditional Expressions	223	(3)
Arithmetic Tests	223	(1)
String Comparisons	224	(1)
File-Oriented Expressions	224	(2)
Control Structures	226	(6)
case .. in .. esac	226	(2)
if .. then .. elif .. then .. else .. fi	228	(1)
for .. do .. done	229	(1)
while/until .. do .. done	229	(2)
trap	231	(1)
Functions	232	(4)
Using Parameters	233	(1)
Returning from a Function	233	(1)
Access to Functions	234	(1)
Recursion	235	(1)
Sharing Functions	236	(1)
Menus: select	236	(1)
Directory Access and the Directory Stack	237	(2)
Job Control	239	(3)
Specifying a Job	240	(1)
bg	240	(1)
fg	241	(1)
kill	241	(1)
Command-Line Options	242	(3)
The Korn Shell	245	(50)
Introduction	246	(1)
Startup	246	(2)
Variables	248	(7)
Creating/Assigning A Variable	248	(1)
Accessing A Variable	248	(2)
Reading a Variable from Standard Input	250	(1)
Exporting Variables	251	(1)
Read-Only Variables	252	(1)
Predefined Local Variables	253	(1)
Predefined Environment Variables	254	(1)
Aliases	255	(4)
Aliasing Built-in Commands	256	(1)
Removing an Alias	256	(1)
Predefined Aliases	256	(1)
Some Useful Aliases	257	(1)
Tracked Aliases	258	(1)
Sharing Aliases	258	(1)
History	259	(3)
Numbered Commands	259	(1)
Storage of Commands	259	(1)
Command Re-execution	260	(1)
Editing Commands	260	(2)
Editing Commands	262	(3)
The Built-in vi Editor	262	(2)
The Built-in emacs/gmacs Editor	264	(1)
Arithmetic	265	(2)
Preventing Metacharacter Interpretation	266	(1)
Testing Values	266	(1)
Tilde Substitution	267	(1)
Menus: select	267	(2)
Functions	269	(4)
Using Parameters	270	(1)
Returning from a Function	270	(1)
Context	271	(1)
Local Variables	271	(1)
Recursion	271	(1)
Sharing Functions	272	(1)
Job Control	273	(3)
Jobs	273	(1)
Specifying a Job	274	(1)
bg	274	(1)
fg	275	(1)
kill	275	(1)
Enhancements	276	(14)
Redirection	276	(1)
Pipes	277	(1)
Command Substitution	277	(1)
Variables	277	(7)
Built-Ins	284	(6)
Sample Project: junk	290	(3)
Command-Line Options	293	(2)
The C Shell	295	(40)
Introduction	296	(1)
Startup	296	(2)
Variables	298	(5)
Creating/Assigning Simple Variables	298	(1)
Accessing a Simple Variable	298	(1)
Creating/Assigning List Variables	299	(1)
Accessing a List Variable	300	(1)
Building Lists	300	(1)
Predefined Local Variables	301	(1)
Creating/Assigning Environment Variables	302	(1)
Predefined Environment Variables	303	(1)
Expressions	303	(4)
String Expressions	303	(1)
Arithmetic Expressions	304	(2)
File-oriented Expressions	306	(1)
Filename Completion	307	(1)
Command Editing	307	(1)
Aliases	307	(3)
Removing an Alias	309	(1)
Useful Aliases	309	(1)
Sharing Aliases	309	(1)
Parameterized Aliases	310	(1)
History	310	(4)
Numbered Commands	310	(1)
Storage of Commands	310	(1)
Reading History	310	(1)
Command Re-execution	311	(1)
Accessing Pieces of History	312	(1)
Accessing Portions of Filenames	313	(1)
History Substitution	313	(1)
Control Structures	314	(7)
foreach .. end	314	(1)
goto	315	(1)
if .. then .. else .. endif	316	(1)
onintr	317	(1)
repeat	318	(1)
switch .. case .. endsw	318	(2)
while .. end	320	(1)
Sample Project: junk	321	(2)
Enhancements	323	(5)
Metacharacters: { }	324	(1)
Filename Substitution	324	(1)
Redirection	325	(1)
Piping	325	(1)
Job Control	326	(2)
Terminating a Login Shell	328	(1)
Built-ins	328	(2)
chdir	328	(1)
glob	329	(1)
source	329	(1)
The Directory Stack	330	(2)
The Hash Table	331	(1)
Command-Line Options	332	(3)
Networking and the Internet	335	(40)
Introduction	336	(1)
Building a Network	336	(2)
Ethernets	337	(1)
Bridges	338	(1)
Routers	338	(1)
Gateways	338	(1)
Internetworking	338	(6)
Packet Switching	340	(1)
IP Addresses	340	(1)
Naming	341	(1)
Routing	342	(1)
Security	342	(1)
Ports and Common Services	343	(1)
Network Programming	344	(1)
Identifying Network Users	344	(3)
Listing Users: users	344	(1)
More User Listings: who and w	345	(1)
Your Own Host Name: hostname	345	(1)
Personal Data: finger	346	(1)
Communicating with Network Users	347	(3)
Shielding Yourself from Communication: mesg	347	(1)
Sending a Line at a Time: write	348	(1)
Interactive Conversations: talk	349	(1)
Messages to Everyone: wall	349	(1)
Distributing Data	350	(4)
Copying Files Between Two Linux or UNIX Hosts: rcp and scp	351	(1)
Copying Files Between Non-Linux/UNIX Hosts: ftp and sftp	351	(3)
Distributed Processing	354	(6)
Remote Logins: rlogin and slogin	355	(1)
Executing Remote Commands: rsh and ssh	356	(1)
Remote Connections: telnet	357	(3)
Evolution of the Internet	360	(11)
In The Beginning---the 1960s	360	(1)
Standardizing the Internet---the 1970s	361	(2)
Re-Architecting and Renaming the Internet---the 1980s	363	(3)
The Web---the 1990s	366	(5)
Using Today's Internet	371	(4)
URLs	371	(1)
Web Searches	372	(1)
Finding Users and Domains	373	(2)
The Linux Desktop	375	(24)
Introduction	376	(1)
Graphical User Interfaces	376	(1)
MIT	376	(1)
X Servers	377	(2)
Screen Geometry	377	(1)
Security and Authorization	378	(1)
Desktop Environments	379	(2)
CDE	380	(1)
GNOME	380	(1)
KDE	381	(1)
Window Managers	381	(4)
Focus	381	(1)
Program Startup	382	(1)
Opened and Closed Windows	383	(1)
Choices	384	(1)
Widgets	385	(2)
Menus	385	(1)
Pushbuttons	385	(1)
Check Boxes/Radio Buttons	385	(2)
Scroll Bars	387	(1)
Desktop Operation	387	(2)
Bringing up the Root Menu	388	(1)
Opening and Closing a Window	388	(1)
Minimizing a Window	389	(1)
Maximizing a Window	389	(1)
Moving a Window	389	(1)
Resizing a Window	389	(1)
Raising or Lowering a Window	389	(1)
Bringing up a Window Menu	389	(1)
Client Applications	389	(2)
xclock	390	(1)
xterm	391	(1)
Standard X Client Arguments	391	(1)
geometry	391	(1)
Foreground and Background	391	(1)
title	392	(1)
iconic	392	(1)
Advanced Topics	392	(7)
Copy-and-Paste	392	(1)
Networking Capabilities	393	(1)
Application Resources	394	(5)
C Programming Tools	399	(32)
The C Language	400	(1)
C Compilers	400	(1)
Single-Module Programs	401	(3)
Compiling a C Program	402	(1)
A Listing of the Corrected Reverse Program	402	(1)
Running a C Program	403	(1)
Overriding the Default Executable Name	404	(1)
Multimodule Programs	404	(4)
Reusable Functions	404	(1)
Preparing a Reusable Function	404	(2)
Separately Compiling and Linking Modules	406	(1)
Reusing the Reverse Function	406	(2)
Archiving Modules: ar	408	(3)
Creating or Adding a File	408	(1)
Appending a File	409	(1)
Obtaining a Table of Contents	409	(1)
Deleting a File	409	(1)
Extracting a File	409	(1)
Maintaining an Archive from the Command Line	410	(1)
Indexing Archives	410	(1)
Shared Libraries	411	(1)
Managing Dependencies: make	411	(7)
Make Files	412	(1)
The Order of Make Rules	413	(1)
Running Make	414	(1)
Make Rules	415	(1)
Forcing Compilation	415	(1)
Macros	416	(1)
Maintaining an Archive Using Make	417	(1)
Other Make Capabilities	418	(1)
The GNU Profiler: gprof	418	(1)
Debugging a Program: gdb	419	(10)
Preparing a Program for Debugging	421	(1)
Entering the Debugger	421	(1)
Running a Program	422	(1)
Listing a Program	422	(2)
Setting a Breakpoint	424	(2)
Stepping Through the Code	426	(1)
Examining Variable Values	427	(1)
The Epiphany	428	(1)
When You're Done: strip	429	(2)
Systems Programming	431	(102)
Introduction	432	(2)
Error Handling: perror ()	434	(2)
Regular File Management	436	(37)
A File Management Primer	436	(2)
First Example: reverse	438	(1)
How reverse Works	439	(1)
reverse.c: Listing	440	(5)
Opening a File: open ()	445	(2)
Reading From a File: read ()	447	(1)
Writing to a File: write ()	448	(1)
Moving in a File: Iseek ()	449	(1)
Closing a File: close ()	450	(1)
Deleting a File: unlink ()	451	(1)
Second Example: monitor	451	(2)
How monitor Works	453	(1)
Monitor.c: Listing	453	(8)
Obtaining File Information: stat ()	461	(2)
Reading Directory Information: opendir (), readdir (), and closedir ()	463	(1)
Miscellaneous File Management System Calls	464	(1)
Changing a File's Owner and/or Group: chown ()	464	(1)
Changing a File's Permissions: chmod ()	465	(1)
Duplicating a File Descriptor: dup ()	466	(1)
File Descriptor Operations: fcntl ()	467	(2)
Controlling Devices: ioctl ()	469	(1)
Creating Hard Links: link ()	469	(1)
Creating Special Files: mknod (), mkdir (), and mkfifo ()	470	(1)
Flushing the File System Buffer: sync ()	471	(1)
Truncating a File: truncate ()	472	(1)
Process Management	473	(13)
Creating a New Process: fork ()	474	(2)
Orphan Processes	476	(2)
Terminating a Process: exit ()	478	(1)
Zombie Processes	478	(1)
Waiting for a Child: wait ()	479	(2)
Differentiating a Process: exec	481	(1)
Changing Directories: chdir ()	482	(1)
Changing Priorities: nice ()	483	(1)
Accessing User and Group IDs	484	(1)
Sample Program: Background Processing	485	(1)
Redirection	485	(1)
Signals	486	(14)
Signal Types	487	(1)
Defined Signals	487	(1)
POSIX Signals	488	(1)
Terminal Signals	489	(1)
Requesting an Alarm Signal: alarm ()	489	(1)
Handling Signals: signal ()	490	(1)
Protecting Critical Code and Chaining Interrupt Handlers	491	(1)
Sending Signals: kill ()	492	(1)
Death of Children	493	(1)
Suspending and Resuming Processes	494	(2)
Process Groups and Control Terminals	496	(4)
Interprocess Communication	500	(33)
Pipes	501	(7)
Sockets	508	(25)
Linux Internals	533	(42)
Introduction	534	(1)
Kernel Basics	534	(7)
Kernel Subsystems	534	(1)
Processes and Files	535	(1)
Talking to the Kernel	536	(1)
System Calls	536	(1)
User Mode and Kernel Mode	536	(2)
Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Processing	538	(2)
Interrupting Interrupts	540	(1)
The File System	541	(11)
Disk Architecture	541	(3)
Virtual File System	544	(1)
Inodes	545	(2)
File System Layout	547	(1)
Bad Blocks	548	(1)
Directories	548	(1)
Translating Pathnames into Inode Numbers	549	(2)
Mounting File Systems	551	(1)
Process Management	552	(4)
Executable Files	552	(1)
The First Processes	552	(1)
Kernel Processes and User Processes	552	(1)
The Process Hierarchy	552	(1)
Process States	553	(1)
Process Kernel Data	553	(2)
The Task List	555	(1)
The Scheduler	555	(1)
Virtual Memory Management	556	(4)
The Page Table	556	(1)
Paging	557	(1)
Memory-Mapped Files	558	(1)
Swapping	558	(1)
Allocation and Deallocation	559	(1)
Loading an Executable: execl ()/execv ()	560	(1)
Duplicating a Process: fork ()	560	(1)
Input and Output	560	(9)
I/O Objects	561	(1)
I/O System Calls	561	(1)
I/O Buffering	561	(1)
Regular File I/O	562	(3)
Directory File I/O	565	(1)
Mounting File Systems	565	(1)
Translation of Filenames	566	(1)
Special File I/O	567	(2)
Interprocess Communication	569	(6)
Signals	569	(3)
Pipes	572	(1)
Sockets	573	(2)
System Administration	575	(20)
Introduction	576	(1)
Becoming the Super-User	576	(2)
Using su	577	(1)
Using sudo	577	(1)
Starting Linux	578	(2)
The Linux Kernel	578	(1)
Run Levels	578	(1)
init	579	(1)
Boot Scripts	579	(1)
Stopping Linux	580	(1)
Maintaining the File System	580	(4)
File System Integrity	580	(1)
Disk Space	581	(2)
Creating New File Systems	583	(1)
Backing up File Systems	584	(1)
Maintaining User Accounts	584	(3)
The Password File	585	(1)
The Group File	586	(1)
Installing New Software	587	(1)
Peripheral Devices	587	(1)
The Network Interface	588	(1)
Automating Tasks	589	(1)
Tunable Kernel Parameters	590	(1)
The /proc File System	590	(1)
The sysctl Utility	591	(1)
Security Issues	591	(4)
Appendix	595	(14)
Bibliography	609	(2)
Index	611